EXCLAMATORY PARTICLE 貌號詞
PARTICLE USED FOR EMPHASISING. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.]
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general exclamatory particle is zāi 哉, and this word expresses the speaker's intensely held emphatic attitude towards what he says.
2. Hū 乎 typically invites a commonality of intensely held emphatic attitude between speaker and listener and is thus semantically related to final fú 夫 meaning n'est ce pas in that these particles, although express quite different nuances of meaning, do contain the same element of communicative appeal to audience rather than straight expressiveness as such.
3. Xī 嘻 "Ha!" expresses surprise.
Modern Chinese Criteria
LU JIANMING
See also
- EMPHASISESPEAK:say that something one is SPEAK:saying is INTENSELY IMPORTANT.
Hypernym
- PARTICLE A WORD that NOT VERBAL AND NOT NOMINAL. [NOTE THAT THE GRAMMATICAL PARTICLES HAVE NOT BEEN FOCUSSED SO FAR IN THE SYSTEM AND NO SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED SO FAR.] (anc: 12/0, child: 24)
- WORD SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
- SOUND WHAT CAN be HEARD. (anc: 10/0, child: 7)
Words (24 items)
哉 zāi OC: skɯɯ MC: tsəi 70 Attributions
The current general exclamatory particle is zāi 哉, and this word expresses the speaker's intensely held emphatic attitude towards what he says.
- Syntactic words
- ppost.npro{PRED}exclamatory彼哉彼哉 "such a person! such a person!"
- ppostadNvocative, exlamatoryOh N!CH
- ppostadN{PRED}ah, the N!
- ppostadN{PRED}.+N{SUBJ}小人哉樊須也！marks an exclamatorily marked nominal predicate preceding its subjectCH
- ppostadSexclamatory
- ppostadSS=nominal predicateThe modified sentence conistists of a predicative NCH
- ppostadV(0)exclamatory particle
- ppostadV.+N{SUBJ}賢哉回也 exclamatory particle (note that the 也 is optional)
- ppostadVexclamatoryfinal particle in verbal exclamatory sentences 管仲之器小哉"Guǎnzhòng's format is so small!"
- ppostN.+Vexclamatory小人哉
乎 hū OC: ɢaa MC: ɦuo̝ 58 Attributions
Hū 乎 typically invites a commonality of intensely held emphatic attitude between speaker and listener and is thus semantically related to final fú 夫 meaning n'est ce pas in that these particles, although express quite different nuances of meaning, do contain the same element of communicative appeal to audience rather than straight expressiveness as such.
- Syntactic words
- ppostadN.adSvocativemarker of an exclamatory mentioning of or appeal to NCH
- ppostadNprvocativevocative particle after a name used to address a person
- ppostadN{PRED}what an N!
- ppostadSexclamatoryfinal exclamatory particle 必也射乎And if he has to, it is surely in archery!
- ppostadSexpected answer: no!particle following rhetorical questions
- ppostadV.+N{SUBJ}particle placed after a predicate preposed for emphasis
- ppostadVsuffixparticle placed after a predicate for emphasisDS
嘻 xī OC: qhɯ MC: hɨ
譆 xī OC: qhɯ MC: hɨ 55 Attributions
Xī 嘻 "Ha!" expresses surprise.
- Syntactic words
- vi.redAh! Ah!
- vi0ah! exclamatory particle expressing surprise, sometimes mixed with delight
咄 duō OC: k-luud MC: tuot 9 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- p{S}exclamatoryexclamatory particle (typically and widely used in Chan/Zen texts (sometimes used to catch the attention of the disciple or to interrupt the disciple's chain of thoughts/arguments; escpecially in later Jap. Zen regarded as having the potential of leading the student to enlightenment, since the shout cuts through the disciples analytical and discriminative thinking processes)
兮 xī OC: ɢee MC: ɦei 7 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- ppostadSexclamatory poetic particleDS
- ppostadVpoeticpoetic excl. particle
- ppostN.+Vpoetic excl. particle
烏 wū OC: qaa MC: ʔuo̝ 5 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- viexclamatoryalas!
咨 zī OC: sti MC: tsi 4 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vi0exclamatorySHU, LY: alas!
與 yú MC: yo OC: k-la 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- ppostadS=歟（也 乎）marks lively assertion, perhaps to be literally construed as a rhetorical question???LZ
之 zhī MC: tsyi OC: kljɯ 3 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- npropostN.adV>NabOh, for the V>Nab of N!CH
如其 rú qí OC: nja ɡɯ MC: ȵi̯ɤ gɨ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPadVexclamatoryhow (V-ing)!
嗟乎 jiē hū OC: skal ɢaa MC: tsɣɛ ɦuo̝ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- PPalas
於 wū OC: qaa MC: ʔuo̝ 2 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- padSpre-classical excl. particle of appreciation. Oh,...
諸 zhū OC: klja MC: tɕi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- ppostadS=之乎 him/her/it, them!CH
諸 zhū MC: tsyo OC: klja 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- ppostadS=之乎 he/she/it/them?CH
哉乎 zāi hū MC: -- hu OC: skɯɯ ɢaa 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- PPpostadV{PRED}+N{SUBJ}exclamatory particle marking emphatic inversion of the predicateDS
也 yě MC: dzyoX OC: lalʔ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- ppostadNab{S}nominalisation by 之/其予之不仁也！“How inhumane Yú is!": Oh for the subject's V-ing:CH
呼 hū OC: qhaa MC: huo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- PPalas!; ah!
嗄 shà OC: sqraas MC: ʂɣɛ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- p{S}exlamatory particle expressing surprise or disapproval
嗚 wū OC: qaa MC: ʔuo̝ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- PPalas!; ah!
噓 xù OC: qhlas MC: hi̯ɤ
噓 xū OC: qhla MC: hi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- p{S}exclamatory particle (probably ordering somebody to shut up: Sh!)
于戲 yú xī OC: ɢʷra qhra MC: ɦi̯o hiɛ 1 Attribution
- Syntactic words
- PPadSAlas!
唉 āi OC: qɯɯ MC: ʔəi 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- vi0exclamatory particle
夫 fú OC: ba MC: bi̯o 0 Attributions
Hū 乎 typically invites a commonality of intensely held emphatic attitude between speaker and listener and is thus semantically related to final fú 夫 meaning n'est ce pas in that these particles, although express quite different nuances of meaning, do contain the same element of communicative appeal to audience rather than straight expressiveness as such.
- Syntactic words
猗 yī OC: qral MC: ʔiɛ 0 Attributions
- Syntactic words
- padSsentence initial exclamatory particle: Oh! (SHI)