NATION    民族/國家

STATE THOUGHT of an ABSTRACT INSTITUTION.
COUNTRYSOVEREIGN STATESTATELANDREALMKINGDOMREPUBLICFATHERLANDMOTHERLANDPEOPLERACE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current standard word for the nation as represented by the leading families, and opposed to the state as mere territory and inhabitants, is guó jiā 國家. 2. Shè jì 社稷 refers to the altars of the land and grain as symbols of the nation. 3. Bāng guó 邦國 is an ancient general territorially focussed designation for a nation which continues in nostalgic use. 4. Zōng miào 宗廟 "ancestral temples" is the very common metonymic designation for the nation as a primarily ritual and perhaps even religious entity, and it is important that the symbolic reference to the buildings often remains relevant to the abstract meaning of the term.
Modern Chinese Criteria
國家 江山 社稷 全國 傾國 通國 舉國 舉國上下 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
See also
  • PEOPLEGROUP of HUMANS LIVING in a STATE OR TERRITORY.[[VOLK]]NOTE: For this section I have found it instructive to collect a large number of post-Buddhist binomes.
  • TERRITORYPLACE INSIDE DEFINED BOUNDARIES.
Hypernym
  • STATE　TERRITORY GOVERNED by an INDEPENDENT RULER.[[STAAT]] (anc: 6/0, child: 8)
  • TERRITORY　PLACE INSIDE DEFINED BOUNDARIES. (anc: 5/0, child: 7)
  • PLACE　PART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 4/0, child: 39)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.22

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134B

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 7.141-432

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.891

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 6.406

    NATION; NATIONALISMUS

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. BARCK 20104.377

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134B

    • Words (5 items)

    國家  guó jiā OC: kʷɯɯɡ kraa MC: kək kɣɛ 156 Attributions

    The current standard word for the nation as represented by the leading families, and opposed to the state as mere territory and inhabitants, is guó jiā 國家.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 邦/STATE Bāng 邦 is an area-orientated old word referring to an extended state without emphasising the leading role of a capital in that state, and the word was increasingly replaced by guó 國 even before taboo rules related to the name of Liú Bāng had their impact.
    • Synon: 社稷/NATION Shè jì 社稷 refers to the altars of the land and grain as symbols of the nation.
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]the homeland; the nation including its leading clans; our nation, my nation, the polity
    • NPadNN of the state, state NLZ
    • NPindefinite a homeland, a nation
    • NPnonreferentialthe nation; a nation
    • NPpluralthe homelands in question
    • NPpost-Nthe nation of N; the homeland of N
    社稷  shè jì OC: ɡljaʔ tsɯɡ MC: dʑɣɛ tsɨk 92 Attributions

    Shè jì 社稷 refers to the altars of the land and grain as symbols of the nation.

      Word relations
    • Object: 滅/DESTROY Miè 滅 refers to the physical destruction of cities or states, and the word implies the use of external military force, and typically military resistance.
    • Contrast: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Contrast: 天下/POWER
    • Synon: 國家/NATION The current standard word for the nation as represented by the leading families, and opposed to the state as mere territory and inhabitants, is guó jiā 國家.
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N)the nation of the the contextually determinate person
    • NP[post-N]our (one's) nation, national ancestral and moral heritage
    • NPabsocialthe nation
    • NPindefiniteancestral altars 人社稷
    • NPpost-N(the subject's own) sacred altars as symbols of nation> nation
    • NPpost=Nprthe nation/altars of the land and grain of Npr
    邦國  bāng guó OC: prooŋ kʷɯɯɡ MC: pɣɔŋ kək 18 Attributions

    Bāng guó 邦國 is an ancient general territorially focussed designation for a nation which continues in nostalgic use.

      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe state
    • NPindefinitestates
    • NPnonreferentialthe state
    • NPpluralthe states of the empire
    邦家  bāng jiā OC: prooŋ kraa MC: pɣɔŋ kɣɛ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPdefinitethe family dominating the realm> the nation
    • NPindefinitea country
    • NP{N1&N2}indefinitestates with their senior clans
    宗廟  zōng miào OC: tsuuŋ mraws MC: tsuo̝ŋ miɛu 1 Attribution

    Zōng miào 宗廟 "ancestral temples" is the very common metonymic designation for the nation as a primarily ritual and perhaps even religious entity, and it is important that the symbolic reference to the buildings often remains relevant to the abstract meaning of the term.

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]one's ancestral temples as symbols of the nation