PILLAR    柱柱

VERTICAL BEAM OR RESEMBLING STONE USED TO KEEP SOMETHING LARGE AND HEAVY IN A HIGH PLACE.
COLUMNPOSTSUPPORTUPRIGHTBALUSTERPIERPILEPILASTERSTANCHIONPROPNEWELOBELISKMONOLITH
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general term for a pillar is zhù 柱. Pillars were in ancient China basic elements of a building, and they supported the roof. They were ussually made of wood, and could be painted (there is evidence for pillars painted red in ZUO: ZHUANG 23) or curved. From pictorial evidence are best known pillars of the Han period, which can be divided into several types according to the shape in section: most usual are pillars with a round section, but there are also pillars with rectangular section, with eight-edged section, pillars resembling the bound bamboo, and pillars with cannelures. 2. Yíng 楹 refers specifically to a pillar in front of the main hall, but it can be also used like a general term for a pillar. 3. Zhū rú 侏儒 can refer to a short pillar staying on the north-southern beam and supporting higher north-southern beam; also referred to as zhuó ???? 4. Zhuó (I have not found the character in a list) is another word for zhū rú 侏儒. 5. Wú 梧 / 牾 refers to one of two inclined beams which lean one against other and thus create triangular construction supporting the roof. Wú 梧 / 牾 does fit the definition of a pillar given above, but it was viewed by the Chinese as belonging to the group of zhù 柱. 6. Chū 礎 refers to the pillar base which was made of stone. It can be either a hole filled with stones, or a flat stone put on the floor. Both types were known in China since prehistoric times. 7. Xì (I have not found the character in a list) is another term for chū 礎. 7. Zhī 榰 refers to a pillar base made either of wood or stone. 8. Jī (not found) refers perhaps to a rectangular piece of wood on a top of the pillar???. It is mentioned in ZHUANGZI and HUAINANZI. 9. Lú 櫨 probably refers to a rectangular piece of wood on the top of a pillar or on the top of a pillar capital???. Mentioned in HUAINANZI together with jī; it is not clear which was difference between these two terms. NB: THIS OBVIOUSLY STILL NEEDS REVISION.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 ARCHITECTURE 15. 柱，柱的總稱。 楹，堂前大柱；又作柱的泛稱。 梲，梁上短柱，是梁與梁間的連接構件。 栭，梲的又稱。 ARCHITECTURE 18. 闑，門中所豎長木，可固定門扇，又有區分主賓人、公私事的禮制作用。 閫，專指門中所豎短木，低於車軸高度。 橛有時也可特指闑。 閾，門下橫木，作內外之限。 切，有砌飾的門限。 柣，門限別稱。 閣，設置在門扇旁防止已開門扇自動閉合的長木。 棖，門兩旁所豎保護門的木柱。 楔，有時特指門兩旁的木柱。 ARCHITECTURE 29. 楨、榦，版築時豎立於版外起支撐固定作用的立柱： 楨，立於兩端，小名； 榦，立於兩旁，大名。楨亦稱 “ 植 ” 。戰國時期使用一整套完整的扶攏模板技術，楨榦的重要性漸被板、榦取代，故 “ 板 ” 作大名， “ 幹 ’ 作小名。業，大版。築，夯土之杵。
Modern Chinese Criteria
柱 柱子 柱頭 梁柱 支柱 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Part of
Hypernym
  • BEAM　LARGE TIMBER USED TO BUILD BUILDINGS. (anc: 6/0, child: 4)
  • TIMBER　SUBSTANCE OF the MAIN PART of TREES. (anc: 5/0, child: 4)
  • SUBSTANCE　THING NOT SEPARATED into SEPARATE PARTS. (anc: 4/0, child: 28)
  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 200

    Atlant:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 235

    Saeule:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 720

    ATLANT (human- or animal-shape pillar):

    commonly depicted in Han reliefs.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 786

    Pfeiler:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 798

    Saeule:

  • 古代文化詞異集類辨考 Gudai wenhua ci yi ji lei bian kao ( HUANG JINGUI 1995) p. 1039

  • "三國志"同義詞及其歷史演變 ( WANG TONGWEI 2010) p. 331-340

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 109/10

    • Words (17 items)

    柱  zhù OC: doʔ MC: ɖi̯o 12 Attributions

    Current general term for a pillar is zhù 柱. Pillars were in ancient China basic elements of a building, and they supported the roof. They were ussually made of wood, and could be painted (there is evidence for pillars paint in red in ZUO: ZHUANG 23) or curved. From pictorial evidence are best known pillars of the Han period, which can be divided into several types according to the shape in section: most usual are pillars with a round section, but there are also pillars with rectangular section, with eight-edged section, pillars resembling the bound bamboo, and pillars with cannelures.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 72, tab. 4-47 - 4-51}

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1039 - 1040

    • () p. 162 - 163 {40-6 - 40-17}

      Syntactic words
    • npillar (holding something up); the four posts at the four corners of the house which hold up the whole structure
    • nfigurativepillar of support; main support of nose
    • npost-Npillars of NCH
    • vtoNserve as a pillar for
    • vtoNfigurativeserve as a pillar for
    碑  bēi OC: pre MC: piɛ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(sometimes inscribed?) pillar; post
    楹  yíng OC: leŋ MC: jiɛŋ 5 Attributions

    Yíng 楹 refers specifically to a pillar in front of the main hall, but it can be also used like a general term for a pillar.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1040 - 1041

    • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 815

      Syntactic words
    • npillar in front of the main hall, on the main platform in front of the main hall; but the term can also be used to refer quite generally to a pillar of any kind, including the structurally crucial zhù 柱.
    • npost-NN=buildingpillar of NDS
    梲  zhuō OC: k-ljod MC: tɕiɛt 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nshort pillars placed on the north-south liáng 梁, supporting a higher parallel north-south beam.
    楶  jié OC: stiiɡ MC: tset 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npillars, lintels (in private homes)
    榦  gàn OC: kaans MC: kɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npillar, upright beam used in building large structures
    礩  zhì OC: tjid MC: tɕit
    質  zhì OC: tjid MC: tɕit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nZGC: stone or metal base of a pillar
    棟梁  dòng liáng OC: tooŋs k-raŋ MC: tuŋ li̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPlarge pillar
    枅  jī OC: kee MC: kei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncrosspiece of wood on top of pillar ??????????
    桯  tīng OC: theeŋ MC: theŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npillar ??????????
    梧  wú OC: ŋaa MC: ŋuo̝ 0 Attributions

    Wú 梧/牾 refers to one of two inclined beams which lean one against other and thus create triangular construction supporting the roof. Wú 梧/牾 does fit the definition of a pillar given above, but it was viewed by the Chinese as belonging to the group of zhù 柱.

    • () p. 162 {40-11}

      Syntactic words
    棖  chéng OC: ɡrlaaŋ MC: ɖɣaŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndoor post
    榰  zhī OC: kje MC: tɕiɛ 0 Attributions

    Zhī 榰 refers to a pillar base made either of wood or stone.

      Syntactic words
    櫨  lú OC: ɡ-raa MC: luo̝ 0 Attributions

    Lú 櫨probably refers to a rectangular piece of wood on the top of a pillar or on the top of a pillar capital???. Mentioned in HUAINANZI together with jī ; it is not clear which was difference between these two terms.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 72, tab. 4-50???}

      Syntactic words
    侏儒  zhū rú OC: tjo njo MC: tɕi̯o ȵi̯o 0 Attributions

    Zhū rú 侏儒 refers to a short pillar staying on the north-southern beam and supporting higher north-southern beam; also referred to as zhuó ????

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {pp. 72, tab.: 4-52}

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1041

      Syntactic words
    磶  xì OC: sqaɡ MC: siɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nround stone pillar base
    礎  chǔ OC: skhraʔ MC: ʈʂhi̯ɤ 0 Attributions

    Chū 礎 refers to the pillar base which was made of stone. It can be either a hole filled with stones, or a flat stone put on the floor. Both types were known in China since prehistoric times.

      Syntactic words
    • nHN: base of a colum made of stone