Additional information about 儒
說文解字: 【儒】，柔也，術士之偁。 〔小徐本「偁」作「稱」，下有「者也」二字。〕 从人、需聲。 【人朱切】
- Criteria
- TEACH
1. The current general word for training, instructing, and disciplining others is jiào 教 (ant. xué 學 "study") and the standard main aim of jiào 教 is unquestioning obedience, professional skill, and intellectual conformity to the standard set by the teacher, and the word connotes use of authority and sometimes even coercion. The primary aim of jiào 教 is action conforming to a standard, and the word is commonly nominalised.
2. Huì 誨 (ant. xí 習 "study persistently") refers to systematic and persistent efforts to teach and inculcate intellectual or practical skills ( 誨之琴 "taught him to play the zither") and moral understanding of students ( 誨女知之 "I will teach you so you understand"), and the word never implies coercion or any threat of force. Huì 誨 can be mutual, or refer to equals teaching equals, even subordinates teaching superiors 諫誨 "remonstrate with and instruct". The word is not commonly nominalised. The primary aim of huì 誨 is understanding.
3. Huà 化 refers to successful disciplining and teaching, typically on a large social scale. See INFLUENCE
4. Qǐ 啟 and fā 發 refer to the opening up of new intellectual and moral dimensions for others.
5. Xùn 訓 refers in a rather abstract way to formal strict instruction and training aimed primarily at professional skill.
6. Zhào 詔 refers to instruction by means of useful information or warning.
7. Fēng 風 is occasionally used to refer to teaching by example.
8. Liàn 練 refers specifically to military training and only occasionally to other forms of drill.
9. Dào 道 refers to the content of what is taught, and is largely restricted to postnominal position, as in 儒道 "Confucian teaching".
- ENTERTAINER
1. The most current general word for an entertainer is jì 妓, and this word refers to any entertainer including artists, dancers, and clowns of any kind.
2. Chàng 倡 refers occasionally to an entertainer specialised in singing, especially the main singer.
3. Lìng 伶 refers specifically to a musician-entertainer who accompanies the main singers chàng 倡.
4. Yōu 優 and yōu rén 優人 refers to dwarf-clowns who perform through comic talk, comic action and slapstick comedy.
5. Pái 俳 and more often pái yōu 俳優 refer to a superior specialist in comic talk.
6. Zhū rú 侏儒 is a general word for a dwarf, and since the dwarf at court typically acted as a clown, the term came also to refer generally to clowns.
<div>7. Nu# yuè 女樂 is a standard general term for female musical entertainers or female musicians.</div><div><br></div><div>A splendid comparative overview is found in Beatrice K. Otto, Fools are Everywhere. The Court Jester Around the World, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001<br></div><br>
- PILLAR
1. The current general term for a pillar is zhù 柱. Pillars were in ancient China basic elements of a building, and they supported the roof. They were ussually made of wood, and could be painted (there is evidence for pillars painted red in ZUO: ZHUANG 23) or curved. From pictorial evidence are best known pillars of the Han period, which can be divided into several types according to the shape in section: most usual are pillars with a round section, but there are also pillars with rectangular section, with eight-edged section, pillars resembling the bound bamboo, and pillars with cannelures.
2. Yíng 楹 refers specifically to a pillar in front of the main hall, but it can be also used like a general term for a pillar.
3. Zhū rú 侏儒 can refer to a short pillar staying on the north-southern beam and supporting higher north-southern beam; also referred to as zhuó ????
4. Zhuó (I have not found the character in a list) is another word for zhū rú 侏儒.
5. Wú 梧 / 牾 refers to one of two inclined beams which lean one against other and thus create triangular construction supporting the roof. Wú 梧 / 牾 does fit the definition of a pillar given above, but it was viewed by the Chinese as belonging to the group of zhù 柱.
6. Chū 礎 refers to the pillar base which was made of stone. It can be either a hole filled with stones, or a flat stone put on the floor. Both types were known in China since prehistoric times.
7. Xì (I have not found the character in a list) is another term for chū 礎.
7. Zhī 榰 refers to a pillar base made either of wood or stone.
8. Jī (not found) refers perhaps to a rectangular piece of wood on a top of the pillar???. It is mentioned in ZHUANGZI and HUAINANZI.
9. Lú 櫨 probably refers to a rectangular piece of wood on the top of a pillar or on the top of a pillar capital???. Mentioned in HUAINANZI together with jī; it is not clear which was difference between these two terms.
NB: THIS OBVIOUSLY STILL NEEDS REVISION.
- BEAUTIFUL
[ABSOLUTE/GRADED]
[ACOUSTIC/VISUAL]
[ARTIFICIAL/NATURAL]
[[COMMON/RARE]]
[ELEVATED/VULGAR]
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC]
[HUMAN/NON-HUMAN]
[POETIC/PROSAIC]
1. The general word is měi 美 "handsome and admirable" (ant. è 惡 "ugly") which refers to anything concrete or abstract which is attractive or handsome in a dignified way, and the word often retains its primary culinary sense of "tasty".
[GENERAL], [GRADED]; [[COMMON]]
2. Lì 麗 (ant. sù 素 "unaodorned") is often restricted to physical objects, prototypically to clothes, and emphasises their balanced symmetric beauty, occasionally also - by analogy - the well-aligned symmetric beauty of mountains.
[ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]
3. Wén 文 (ant. zhì 質 "merely material") emphasises cultivated external as well as internal elegance as well as traditionalism.
[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], [NON-HUMAN], [VISUAL!]
4. Yǎ 雅 (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") emphasises primarily external elevated elegance.
[ACOUSTIC!], [ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED+], [NON-HUMAN]
5. Hǎo 好 "comely, handsome" (ant. chǒu 醜 "ugly") refers indiscriminately to men and women, but the word is sometimes more general and even abstract in application and refers to attractive words or attractive moral qualities.
[HUMAN!], [NATURAL], [VISUAL]
6. Xiù 秀 "of vigorous and imposing beauty" focusses on flourishing and flamboyant beauty in analogy with that of flowers.
[ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [NON-HUMAN], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]
7. Huá 華 "of striking and colourful beauty" (ant. sú 俗 "vulgar") focusses on flourishing and flamboyant superficial or only apparent beauty, on the analogy analogy with that of flowers.
[ARTIFICIAL], [ELEVATED], NON-HUMAN], [SUPERFICIAL], [VISUAL]
8. Zhuàng 壯 "stately" (ant. ruò 弱 "weak and unsightly") is virile beauty associated with strength and vigour. See STRONG
[NATURAL], [MARGINAL], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]
9. Jiā 佳 "of outstanding beauty" (NB: liè 劣 "unremarkable" is the ant. of jiā 佳 "outstanding", and not in the meaning of "outstandingly beautiful") emphasises comparative beauty compared to others in the same group.
[GRADED], [ELEVATED], [NATURAL], [POETIC]
10. Dū 都 "urbane and exquisitely beautiful" (ant. bì 鄙 "rustic and inelegant") is a highly poetic word that can only be used in elevated prose.
[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [POETIC], [VISUAL]; [[RARE]]
11. Yán 妍 "attractive and exquisite (of humans as well as human products)" (ant. chì 蚩 "unattractive") refers to elaborate beauty. See SEXY.
[ARCHAIC], [ELEVATED], [HUMAN], [POETIC]; [[RARE]]
12. Xiū 脩 / 修 "refined moral beauty" refers to moral as well as physical beauty, thus coming close the Greek kalokagathia, but never approaching the latter in importance as a cultural keyword.
<div>[ELEVATED], [ARTIFICIAL]; [[RARE]]</div><div><br></div><div>吳蓬，東方審美詞彙集萃，上海文藝出版社，2002 lists the following rough definitions of a variety of terms of aesthetic appreciation by the artist and scholar Wu Peng. Many of these terms express conventional appreciative flattery only. This list does provide one not particularly well-known artist's subjective readings of some basic terms of traditional Chinese aesthetic approbation.</div><div>勃：富有生机之突起。<br>苍：浓的，毛的，老练的。<br>沉：沉着不浮，有重量感。<br>冲：调成和淡之意向。<br>饬：整顿。<br>粗：大而不笨者。<br>淳：清，往往易薄，然而淳是清中滋润之厚。<br>醇：与淳略同，这醇是提炼后的滋润之厚。<br>绰：与"约"字合用，即舒而不纵之意。<br>澹：平静而有幽淡之趣。<br>淡：与浓艳相对。<br>宕：放荡不拘。<br>跌：往往与"宕"字合用，即是起伏明显之状。<br>端：方正而不出偏，有稳实感。<br>敦：很实在的，结实的厚。<br>繁：众而密，有生气。<br>方：与平正同义。<br>丰：饱满而充足。<br>风：审美中之"风"指的是一种气韵格调。<br>飞：大幅度的流动。<br>刚：属于阳性的，有正力的，与柔软相对。</div><div>高：俯视一切的、超然得不一般。<br>工：规矩，不潦草。<br>孤：自我独立。<br>古：旧气，更有历史的抗怀千载之迹象。<br>骨：内在的架子。<br>犷：是跟"雄悍"接近，在粗中发展开来。<br>瑰：不单调的美。<br>乖：不和顺。<br>憨：近于拙朴而敦实。<br>酣：厚润四溢。<br>豪：激动向上之貌，有气魄。<br>宏：大而有气度。<br>厚：有沉积的饱和。<br>华：明亮而艳丽。<br>环：长久圆融之境。<br>荒：与"枯简"接近，不修饰。<br>豁：与开朗接近，然比开朗明显。<br>恢：宽广有余。<br>浑：团然一气之象，有朦胧感。<br>简：经过一番整修的减少。<br>娇：美得可爱。<br>警：审美中用此警字，往往指敏锐、颖达。<br></div><div>劲：能察觉的力。<br>精：很到位。<br>隽：精致而具内涵之美。<br>娟：秀而婉丽。<br>崛：高起而突出。<br>俊：人材杰曲之美。<br>峻：山高而陡。在书画中是浓而锋利之用笔。<br>空：有灵气之空白。<br>枯：干而毛，生的萎缩，然亦是力的显露。<br>宽：大度而畅朗。<br>旷：广阔而空灵。<br>辣：是枯毛爽直的老笔触。<br>朗：明亮而豁然。<br>琅：圆而光润。<br>伦：是同类之意，带有文明意念。<br>冷：跟"淡"与"静”接近，与浓烈相对。<br>炼：精到而有功力。<br>淋：与"漓”往往合用，是无拘束的洒落。<br>流：明显的动感。<br>迈：阔而放的超势。<br>莽：宽广而繁密的，朴直奔放的。<br>袤：与"古"字合用，即悠长久远之趣。<br>茂：有生气的繁密。<br>媚：柔美之趣。<br>宓：安而静。<br>明：清晰有亮度。<br>凝：浓重而不流动。<br>懦：毫无火气之柔软。<br>平：一般的，接近于稳。<br>朴：原始状态，形象较准。<br>嫖：与"姚"字合用，即动疾之状，而有气势。<br>奇：不一般。<br>气：生发的，迎面直扑而来的感觉。<br>清：是混的相对。其间透出一股朗气。<br>峭：山之直而险，在书画中是露锋的侧锋用笔，有明显露<br>尖状态。文章中之峭，是意气直逼。<br>遒：婉转有致，内力强劲。<br>虬：与遒类似，但动感较强，弯曲而有力度。<br>意：诚实谨慎。<br>儒：代表文人之书卷气。<br>洒：散落无拘束。<br>赡：富有与丰实。若与"疏”、"逸”组合即成"澹”或"安"之义。</div><div>骚：审美中之骚字，可引伸为风骚至风流感。<br>韶：美丽有光泽。<br>涩：在不爽快的进程中，流露出内力之美。<br>深：不是浮面的。<br>神：精与气合。高端的。<br>生：不成熟，但比成熟有味。<br>肆：任意放纵。<br>松：松是灵活自然，是一切技巧之本要。<br>瘦：与粗笨相对，在审美中的"瘦"，是指细长而精练。<br>疏：一种稀少秀朗之美。<br>肃：有立即静穆下来之势。<br>率：与潦草随便有别，爽快而直接。<br>邃：深远而悠久。<br>阅：通达之意。<br>给：与"宕"合用，是安详舒放之趣。<br>天:很自然，一片天箱之"天"。<br>恬：安静而坦然。<br>挺：直而有生气。<br>婉：柔和而曲折。<br>温：是一种暖调与缓和的综合。</div><div>巍：往往与"峨"合用，是高大厚实之趣。<br>洗：与"炼”合用，即是"精炼"之意，凡物之洁出于洗。<br>犀：与"利"字合用，即坚利。<br>熙：光明，和乐。<br>细：指细而不纤。<br>娴：文静而雅致。<br>闲：一种高雅的自由。<br>萧：疏少有致。<br>潇：散朗而润泽。<br>馨：很醇厚的香气。<br>篁："篁古”是悠远辽阔之意。<br>雄：强大，有力度，有霸气。<br>秀：灵巧的，有生气的，美好的显露。<br>虚：表象空，但并非真空。<br>雅：文气而不俗。<br>妍：鲜美而柔性。<br>严：认真，不马虎。<br>淹：一种浸沉与精深明达之境。<br>野：超脱、不规范。<br>冶：经过一番精致修饰。<br>逸：悠闲的起伏。</div><div>意：精神倾向。<br>莹：透明而幽亮。<br>雍：往往与“容"字合用，有和顺之貌。<br>幽：静而深。<br>腴：肥润而饱和。<br>郁：厚积而有生气。<br>纤：与"迥"字合用，即弯环回绕之趣。<br>遹：与"瑰"字合用，即纤迥美丽之趣。<br>渊：往往与"懿"合用，是深润而悠美之趣。<br>圆：接近于饱满润滑。<br>蕴：与"藉"合用，即内涵丰富。<br>韵：一种余味不尽之趣。<br>恣：放纵的，无拘束的。<br>滋：湿润感。<br>自：出于本性的流露。<br>质：本体的，实在的。<br>纵：放逸无拘之状。<br>拙：接近朴，形不准。<br>庄：端正之貌。<br>卓：与“荤"合用，是突出明显之状。<br></div><div><br></div><br>
- DWARF
1. The current general term for a dwarf, typically employed as a clown, was the binome zhū rú 侏儒. See CLOWN; See HUNCHBACK
2. Rú 儒 alone is sometimes used to refer to a weakling or a dwarf without strength.
- ARTISAN
1. The current general word for a worker or craftsman is jiàng 匠 (ant. shì 士 "freeman; scholar").
2. Yōng 庸 (ant. jūn zǐ 君子 "gentleman") refers to any menial worker.
3. Yì 役 (ant. zhǔ 主 "person in charge") refers specifically to a corvee labourer. See CORVEE LABOURER
4. Táo 陶 "potter", páo 庖 "cook", yě 冶 "founder" are current specific terms.
5. Zhū 侏 and rú 儒 are specific terms referring to the clowns or court entertainers. See CLOWN
- GENTLEMAN
1. The current general term for a person of a certain social standing is shì 士 and this word often connotes specifically a certain level of education, particularly literacy. See INTELLECTUAL. <div>2. Jūn zǐ 君子 can focus either on nobility of birth and social status. See also under GOOD the meaning "man of excellent character". </div><div>This is one of those terms have neutral descriptive uses versus abstract idealised uses. The list of such concepts is long: 王"king/true king =王者", 君子"gentleman/true gentleman"，道"behaviour/ideal behaviour"，禮 "custom/ideal ritual"，德“feature/ideal feature,virtue" </div>3. Rú 儒 (opp. 墨 "Mohist"), literally "weakling", typically referred Late Warring States times to classicists, often from broadly Confucian circles. 4. Xián 賢 (ant. 不肖 "person of inferior worth and talent") adds to the notion of an intellectual of some education that of special talent, and sometimes also of moral worth. See TALENT. 5. Zhé 哲 emphasises advanced intellectual talents. 6. Jiā 家 focusses on basic professionalism or expertise, but the term is rare in pre-Han times. 7. Shēng 生 simply refers to literates.