FAMILY    家族

GROUP of PERSONS with the SAME ANCESTORS, OR WITH the SAME GRANDFATHER OR GREAT GRANDFATHER.
CLANRELATIVESRELATIONSKINNEXT OF KINKINSFOLKKINDREDONE'S (OWN) FLESH AND BLOODNEAREST AND DEARESTPEOPLECONNECTIONSEXTENDED FAMILYIN-LAWSCLAN
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current dominant word is jiā 家 which refers to a whole household, including men, domestic animals and utensils as well as the whole clan system that defines its lineage affiliation. 2. Zōng 宗 refers unambiguously as a technical term to the lineage group. 3. Zú 族 refers to the extended lineage group including all manner of in-laws, with the outer boundaries of reference ill-defined. 4. Shì 室 refers to a (typically substantial or powerful) household with all its appurtenances. 5. Mén 門 refers to the any complete respectable household including servants and dogs. 6. Hù 戶 refers to any complete household whatever, often in administrative contexts, with no regard to its status of respectability or political influence. 7. Nú 孥 is an archaic rare word referring to the members of a family. NB: For 氏 and 姓 see NAME.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN AFFAIRS 同姓親族。 家，以血緣聚居團體為基礎的財產單位，即家族，上古文獻中一般指卿大夫的家族。 族，奉祀同一宗廟的家族， “ 族 ” 適用範圍較 “ 家 ” 廣。 宗，本是支族之祖的廟，借代引申為同一祖先的家族，所指範圍大於 “ 族 ” 。 種，本指種子，喻指源於同一祖先的家族，側重於家族延續或得以延續的根源。
Modern Chinese Criteria
家 家眷 眷屬 家屬 家庭 家族 is a current modern word for a clan. 親族 focusses on the kinship relationship between members of a clan. 家門 takes the common abode as the conceptual point of departure. 宗族 is the traditionalist kinship term. 宗門 focusses on the institution constututed by a clan. 族 宗 房 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on Cilin. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
  • DYNASTY　FAMILY LEGITIMATELY GOVERNS a STATE over MANY GENERATIONS, OR the PERIOD of such GOVERNMENT. (anc: 18/0, child: 0)
Part of
  • ANCESTORRELATIVE of PAST GENERATION whose DESCENDANT one is. 
  • BROTHERMALE SIBLING.
  • DESCENDANTHUMAN HAVING a DEFINED OTHER HUMAN as FATHER, MOTHER, OR ANCESTOR.
See also
  • NAMESPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something.
  • HOMEPLACE where one DWELLS ENDURINGLY OR ORIGINALLY.
  • ARISTOCRACYHUMAN of a FAMILY of INHERITED HIGH RANK.
Hypernym
  • GROUP　CATEGORY of PEOPLE OR THINGS which COOPERATE, MUTUALLY RESEMBLE OR are TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE. (anc: 16/0, child: 19)
  • CATEGORY　ABSTRACT CONCEPT REFERRING TYPICALLY to MANY THINGS with RESEMBLING FEATURES. (anc: 15/0, child: 3)
  • CONCEPT　ABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT. (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 2.82

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.23

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    CLAN

    domus denotes a family as a social unit.

    familia denotes a family as a political unit, as part of a civitas or populus.

    FAMILY

    gens refers to the trunk or body of a tree and by extension to main line of descent.

    familia refers to the individual branches of an over-arching gens.

    prosapia is an antiquated solemn word only used of ancient noble families.

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 339

  • 古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典 ( HUANG JINGUI 2006) p.

  • 中華古代文化辭典 Zhonghua gudai wenhua cidian ( QIAN YULIN 1996) p. 568-575

    Traditional Chinese keywords related to the family system simply explained.

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.895

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.895

  • Das grosse China-Lexikon ( STAIGER 2003) p. 209

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    CLANS

    GENEALOGIEN

    KIANG 姜

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 216

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

  • Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology ( BARNARD AND SPENCER 2002) p.

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.146

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 68A

    • Words (34 items)

    家  jiā OC: kraa MC: kɣɛ 55 Attributions

    The current dominant word is jiā 家 which refers to a whole household, including men, domestic animals and utensils as well as the whole clan system that defines its lineage affiliation.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 朝/DYNASTY
    • Contrast: 門/FAMILY Mén 門 refers to the any complete respectable household including servants and dogs.
    • Assoc: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Oppos: 公/PUBLIC There is only one dominant word for what pertains to the community or nation at large, gōng 公 (ant. sī 私 "private").
    • Oppos: 國/STATE The dominant word is guó 國, and the word naturally focusses on the capital which defines the identity of the state, but from Warring States times the word does refer to the whole of the territory, as the term guó xiāo 國削 "the state was truncated" shows.
    • Oppos: 鄉/REGION
    • Oppos: 身/PERSON Shēn 身 regularly refers to the embodied person, as something to be cultivated, and as something to be morally careful about, but the word is originally widely used to refer to the physical body as such being at times hard to distinguish from the figurative use discussed in this group. The word is very often reflexive.
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)definitethe home/family/household of the contextually determinate N
    • n.red:adVin every family/household
    • n[post-N]one's family/householdCH
    • nab(post-N)clan, householdTWH
    • nab(post-N.)postVtN=selfone's own clan/family/householdCH
    • nabsocialclan, household/householdCH
    • nadVto each family/household, family by familyLZ
    • nccone's family/household in the broadest sense of the term; extended family including retinue and employees, who live together; LY 三家
    • nmembersthe members of the family; members of the household including servants
    • npost-Nfamily/household of N
    • npost-N1.adN2belonging to the given family/household; of the given family/householdDS
    • npost-Vfamily characterised by the feature VDS
    • npost-Vn=subjectfamily characterised by VingDS
    私門  sī mén OC: sil mɯɯn MC: si muo̝n 27 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPadVas private familiesCH
    • NPpluralprivate families (uninvolved in formal government); burghers
    室  shì OC: qhljiɡ MC: ɕit 24 Attributions

    Shì 室 refers to a (typically substantial or powerful) household with all its appurtenances.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 宗/FAMILY Zōng 宗 refers unambiguously as a technical term to the lineage group.

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the family (of the contextually determinate subject N)
    • nm(post-N1.)[adN2]family property; family affairs
    • npost-N"house of" 周室 "house of Zhōu"; household; members of the household 公室
    宗  zōng OC: tsuuŋ MC: tsuo̝ŋ 17 Attributions

    Zōng 宗 refers unambiguously as a technical term to the lineage group.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 室/FAMILY Shì 室 refers to a (typically substantial or powerful) household with all its appurtenances.
    • Assoc: 族/FAMILY Zú 族 refers to the extended lineage group including all manner of in-laws, with the outer boundaries of reference ill-defined.

      Syntactic words
    • nccclan, the overall clan; the leading clan; clan as united by ancestral worship and respect for the living representative of the ancestors
    族  zú OC: sɡooɡ MC: dzuk 13 Attributions

    Zú 族 refers to the extended lineage group including all manner of in-laws, with the outer boundaries of reference ill-defined.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 宗/FAMILY Zōng 宗 refers unambiguously as a technical term to the lineage group.
    • Synon: 姓/PERSONAL NAME Xìng 姓 refers to the general name of the clan defined by one's male lineage.

      Syntactic words
    • nmembers of one's family; clan; tribe; kinsmen
    門  mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 7 Attributions

    Mén 門 refers to the any complete respectable household including servants and dogs.

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 私/PRIVATE The dominant current word for privacy is sī 私 (ant. gōng 公 "public"), and the word designates everything that falls outside the responsibility of public administration. Contrast SELFISH.
    • Contrast: 家/FAMILY The current dominant word is jiā 家 which refers to a whole household, including men, domestic animals and utensils as well as the whole clan system that defines its lineage affiliation.

      Syntactic words
    • nclan, household 私門; often close to "school (of Confucius etc)"
    妻子  qī zǐ OC: tshiil sklɯʔ MC: tshei tsɨ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPfamily life; family: wife and children
    戶  hù OC: ɡlaaʔ MC: ɦuo̝ 4 Attributions

    Hù 戶refers to any complete household whatever, often in administrative contexts, with no regard to its status of respectability or political influence.

      Syntactic words
    • nfamily as social unit living in one compound HF 萬戶之邑
    • nadN{PRED}per family (such-and-such things)
    同姓  tóng xìng OC: looŋ seŋs MC: duŋ siɛŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]any person of the same surnameCH
    • NPpluralclansmen
    種姓  zhǒng xìng OC: tjoŋʔ seŋs MC: tɕi̯oŋ siɛŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPclan
    姓  xìng OC: seŋs MC: siɛŋ 3 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 百/ALL Bǎi 百 is occasionally used to refer to the whole of a well-defined group of things. >>ADNOMINAL

      Syntactic words
    • ncfamily, clan
    • npost-NfigurativeDELETE the members of the family with the surname NLZ
    • npost=Nprepexegeticfigurative: [the members of the family with] the surname NprLZ
    氏  shì OC: ɡjeʔ MC: dʑiɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nclan, family
    • npost-NprMrCH
    宗族  zōng zú OC: tsuuŋ sɡooɡ MC: tsuo̝ŋ dzuk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]reflexivea member of one's own clan
    • NP{N1=N2}pluralthe whole clan, all the members of one's clan in the broadest sense of the term (NB: It remains an open question whether this term refers to the group as a whole, as one thing, or to the menmbers of the group, as a plural term. I.e. the question is whether the Chinese hypostatised or reified a family or clan "as such".)
    私家  sī jiā OC: sil kraa MC: si kɣɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPprivate families, private clans (other than the ruler's); family of wife's parents
    種族  zhǒng zú OC: tjoŋʔ sɡooɡ MC: tɕi̯oŋ dzuk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPclan, family
    內姓  nèi xìng OC: nuubs seŋs MC: nuo̝i siɛŋ 2 Attributions
    • () p. 426b

      Syntactic words
    • NPhaving the same surname > member of the same clan/family
    宗室  zōng shì OC: tsuuŋ qhljiɡ MC: tsuo̝ŋ ɕit 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPruling clan, members of the ruling clan; ancestral clan
    舉家  jǔ jiā MC: kjoX kae OC: klaʔ kraa 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPthe whole family; the whole clanCH
    支屬  zhī shǔ OC: kje djoɡ MC: tɕiɛ dʑi̯ok 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 身/SELF Shēn 身 typically refers to the subject in a contrastive way, and the word is often hard to distinguish from the nominal concept of a person. Adverbially, the word is different from PERSONALLY in that it does not connote distinction in the agent.

      Syntactic words
    • NPclan
    族姓  zú xìng OC: sɡooɡ seŋs MC: dzuk siɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdistinguished family
    妻息  qī xī OC: tshiil sqlɯɡ MC: tshei sɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPKind und Kegel; the members of one's family including in-laws
    縣薄  xuán báo MC: hwen bak OC: ɢʷeen baaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsimple family (using simple curtains as main gates)CH
    高門  gāo mén MC: -- mwon OC: koow mɯɯn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdistinguished rich familyCH
    豪姓  háo xìng OC: ɡoow seŋs MC: ɦɑu siɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPdistinguished clan
    人家  rén jiā MC: nyin kae OC: njin kraa 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPplurfamiliesDS
    豪族  háo zú OC: ɡoow sɡooɡ MC: ɦɑu dzuk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPimportant family, distinguished clan
    • VPibe of distinguished extraction
    家口  jiā kǒu MC: kae khuwX OC: kraa khooʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfamily membersDS
    連  lián OC: b-ren MC: liɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ngroup of 5 households (GUAN)
    閥  fá OC: bod MC: bi̯ɐt 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han, TANG: clan 名閥 "powerful clans"
    類  lèi OC: ruds MC: li 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    公室  gōng shì OC: klooŋ qhljiɡ MC: kuŋ ɕit 0 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]ducal family
    中外  zhōng wài OC: krluŋ ŋoods MC: ʈuŋ ŋɑi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]people within and outside the family/clan
    孥  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 0 Attributions

    Nú 孥 is an archaic rare word referring to the members of a family.

      Syntactic words
    • nwife and children (Shu)
    種  zhǒng OC: tjoŋʔ MC: tɕi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfamily, group of people with shared ancestry