Responsibility
(Author): Doederlein, Ludwig
Title
Details
(place)Leipzig: (publisher)Friedrich Christoph Wilhelm Vogel, 1840
Identifier
DOEDERLEIN 1840
Topics
Comments
Discursive wide-ranging reflections on etymology and synonymy relations[N.B.:SUMMARY OF LATIN SYNONYMS BY C.H. IN TLS IS MAINLY BASED ON DOEDERLEIN 1875 WHICH IS A TRANSLATION OF THE ONE VOLUME DOEDERLEIN 1849]
Information basis
CH
Electronic Version
Referred from
ABLE[f power or strength.
quire refers to an ability as a conseq uence of a consummate qualification.
valere refers to the possession of the right measure of strenght in order to live up to a certain task or to handle a situation.
pollere refers to the possession of very considerable strength or other means whereby one excels others in the ability to do things or to get one's will....]ABUNDANT[ated or valued abundant supply. 盛
redundare is to be in often negatively judged or feared superabundance.
affluere is to be in externally caused superabundance of any kind.
GEORGES 1975 REICHLICH
largus is the general word for abundance.
uber refers to rich contents of something.
opimus refers to abundance of booty and the like.
amplus refers to admirable abundance.
locuples refers to extensiveness or abundance in value rather than just in quantity.
LW
uber, uberis (gen.), uberior -or -us, uberrimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBX]
fertile, rich, abundant, abounding, fruitful, plentiful, copious, productive;
copiosus, copiosa -um, copiosior -or -us, copiosissimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
plentiful/copious/abundant; well supplied/equipped, w/ample resources; prolific;
abundans, abundantis (gen.), abundantior -or -us, abundantissimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
abundant; overflowing; abounding, copious, in large measure; overdone; rich;
opimus, opima, opimum ADJ [XXXBX]
rich, fertile; abundant; fat, plump; [opima spolia => spoils from a general];
fecundus, fecunda -um, fecundior -or -us, fecundissimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
fertile, fruitful; productive (of offspring), prolific; abundant; imaginative;
creber, crebra -um, crebrior -or -us, creberrimus -a -um ADJ [XXXBO]
thick/crowded/packed/close set; frequent/repeated, constant; numerous/abundant;...]ABYSS[ deep abyss.
barathrum refers to an abyss in water, which may be either in a pool, pond, or sea.
vortex refers to deep water in motion.
gurges refers to a vortex which moves in a perpendicular direction so that it drags down whatever comes into its eddy....]ACCOMPANY[f accompanying someone out of one's own perceived best interests.
deducere refers to the accompanying someone out of a sense of friendship duty, often in an officious way.
prosequi refers to the decision to follow someone as a demonstrative deep respect and even reverence.
MOVE TO DOEDERLEIN
SELF-INTERESTED or ALTRUISTIC
INCONSPICUOUS or DEMONSTRATIVE
comitari refers to the autonomous act of accompanying someone out of one's own perceived best interests. SELF-INTERESTED
deducere refers to the accompanying someone out of a sense of friendship duty, often in an officious way. ALTRUISTIC
prosequi refers to the decision to follow and accompany someone as a demonstrative act of deep respect and even reverence. DEMONSTRATIVE
LW
comitor, comitari, comitatus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXAO]
join as an attendant, guard/escort; accompany, follow; attend (funeral);
secor, seci, secutus sum V 3 1 DEP [XXXAO]
follow; escort/attend/accompany; aim at/reach after/strive for/make for/seek;
sequor, sequi, secutus sum V 3 1 DEP [XXXAO]
follow; escort/attend/accompany; aim at/reach after/strive for/make for/seek;
cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
surround/encircle/ring; enclose; beleaguer; accompany; gird, equip; ring (tree);
adsector, adsectari, adsectatus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXCO]
accompany, attend, escort; support, be an adherent, follow; court (fame);
assector, assectari, assectatus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXCO]
accompany, attend, escort; support, be an adherent, follow; court (fame);
*...]ACCUMULATE[n in layers.
congeries is a disorderly homogeneous heap, unstructured.
strues is a structured pile built up for a certain purpose.
cumulus can refer specifically to the top of a heap which gives it its desired height.
LW
aggero, aggerere, aggessi, aggestus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
heap/cover up over, pile/build up, erect; accumulate; intensify, exaggerate;
adgero, adgerere, adgessi, adgestus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
heap/cover up over, pile/build up, erect; accumulate; intensify, exaggerate;
conglobo, conglobare, conglobavi, conglobatus V 1 1 [XXXBO]
form/make into a ball; roll up; accumulate; crowd/press/mass together; clot;
adcumulo, adcumulare, adcumulavi, adcumulatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXCO]
accumulate, heap/pile up/soil; add by exaggeration; add, increase, enhance;
accumulo, accumulare, accumulavi, accumulatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXCO]
accumulate, heap/pile up/soil; add by exaggeration; add, increase, enhance;
*...]ACCUSE[tion of guilt, supposed or actual, in courts of justice or not.
incusare and culpare refer to a criminal complaint made outside a court of justice.
criminari is to accuse someone of crimes in a calumnius hostile spirit.
insimulare is to accuse someone slanderously without just cause.
deferre is to bring someone to court for something.
accusare is to impeach someone for a crime in a criminal court.
LW
indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatus V 1 1 [XXXAX]
point out, show, indicate, expose, betray, reveal; inform against, accuse;
accerso, accersere, accersivi, accersitus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
send for, summon; indict/accuse; fetch, import; invite; invoke; bring on oneself
arguo, arguere, argui, argutus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
prove, argue, allege; disclose; accuse, complain of, charge, blame, convict;
alligo, alligare, alligavi, alligatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
bind/fetter (to); bandage; hinder, impede, detain; accuse; implicate/involve in;
adligo, adligare, adligavi, adligatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
bind/fetter (to); bandage; hinder, impede, detain; accuse; implicate/involve in;
defero, deferre, detuli, delatus V 3 2 [XXXAO]
||bring/lodge information (about), report; indict, accuse, denounce; defer (to);
*
ACCUSATION
LW
crimen, criminis N 3 2 N [XLXAO]
indictment/charge/accusation; blame/reproach/slander; verdict/judgment (L+S);
accusatio, accusationis N 3 1 F [XLXBO]
accusation, inditement; act/occasion of accusation; rebuke, reproof;
criminatio, criminationis N 3 1 F [XLXCO]
accusation, complaint, charge, indictment; making of an accusation;
delatio, delationis N 3 1 F [XLXCO]
accusation/denunciation; laying charge; indicting; informing; offering an oath;
reatus, reatus N 4 1 M [XLXCO]
accusation, charge; state/condition of being accused; dress of accused (L+S);
categoria, categoriae N 1 1 F [DLXES]
accusation; predicament; category/class of predicables (logic);
*...]ACT[ own interest.
gerere is to act on someone else's behalf.
facere is to make a physical object.
opus is the product of the creation of an object.
LW
facio, facere, additional, forms V 9 3 [XXXBX]
do, make; create; acquire; cause, bring about, fashion; compose; accomplish;
como, comere, compsi, comptus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXCO]
arrange/do (hair); adorn, make beautiful; embellish; arrange in order, set out;
como, comere, comsi, comtus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXCS]
arrange/do (hair); adorn, make beautiful; embellish; arrange in order, set out;
facesso, facessere, facessi, facessitus V 3 1 [XXXCX]
do; perpetrate; go away;
effectrix, effectricis N 3 1 F [XXXDO]
author (feminine), originator, she who creates/causes/effects; maker (Ecc); doe
ACTION
actio, actionis N 3 1 F [XXXAO]
act, action, activity, deed; incident;, plot (play); legal process, suit; plea;
actus, actus N 4 1 M [XDXBO]
act, performance (of play), delivery; action, deed; series/sequence; progress;
actum, acti N 2 2 N [XLXBO]
act, deed, transaction; acts (pl.), exploits; chronicles, (official) record;
factum, facti N 2 2 N [XXXCX]
fact, deed, act; achievement;
conversor, conversari, conversatus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXCO]
consort/associate (with); be constant visitor (to); conduct oneself, behave/act;
acroama, acroamatis N 3 2 N [XXXDL]
entertainment at table/reading/music, act; reader, actor, singer, clown;...]ACTOR[ACTOR]ADDRESS[ranger with a greeting.
appelare is to address someone so as to draw him or her into a serious conversation.
affari is to turn to someone emotionally by addressing him or her.
LW
appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;
adpello, adpellare, adpellavi, adpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
call (upon); address; dun; solicit; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse; name;
adeo, adire, adivi(ii), aditus V 6 1 [XXXAO]
approach; attack; visit, address; undertake; take possession (inheritance);
destino, destinare, destinavi, destinatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]
|determine/intend; settle on, arrange; design; send, address, dedicate (Bee);
conpello, conpellare, conpellavi, conpellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse
compello, compellare, compellavi, compellatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
address, accost, speak to, call upon; appeal to; challenge; chide/rebuke; accuse
*...]ADMIRE[ and bashfulness.
revereri refers to fear and bashfulness as arising from respoect.
venerari refers to demonstrative reverence whown towards gods and sacred things, mostly or typically in gestures.
observare refers to demonstrative reverence towards men.
colere refers to demonstrative reverence towards gods or men as manifested in action.
adorare is the most general expression for any sort of worship.
LW
intueor, intueri, intuitus sum V 2 1 DEP [XXXAX]
look at; consider, regard; admire; stare;
ammiror, ammirari, ammiratus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXBO]
admire, respect; regard with wonder, wonder at; be surprised at, be astonished;
admiror, admirari, admiratus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXBO]
admire, respect; regard with wonder, wonder at; be surprised at, be astonished;
suspicio, suspicere, suspexi, suspectus V 3 1 [XXXBX]
look up to; admire;
miror, mirari, miratus sum V 1 1 DEP [XXXCX]
be amazed at; admire; wonder; marvel at; look on with admiration;
adamo, adamare, adamavi, adamatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXBO]
fall in love/lust with; love passionately/adulterously; admire greatly; covet;
*...]ADMIT[hing in a very general sense, as opposed to celare "to hide".
profiteri refers to a free and spontaneous act of avowal of a belief one holds, unprovoked by questions; and this act is typically proud and assertive.
confiteri refers to an act of confession provoked by questions, threats or the like; and this act is typically contrite....]AGAIN[ime.
rursum refers to doing something again, and in the same way.
de integro refers to doing something again in a fresh or new way.
denuo refers to returning again to a previous state or situation....]AIR[AETHER, AER]ALL[nd is enclitic.
quivis refers to any individual within a set that one might choose.
quilibet refers to any individul whatsoever within a group, stressing the indifference of the choice.
unusquisque refers to any single individual, focussing on each individual singularly.
omnes refers to all without exception.
universi refers to all taken as a totality of items.
cuncti often refers to all the members of a spatially united group....]AMUSED[ion, conversation, amusement, which disperses ennui and confers a relative pleasure.
delectatio is real delight which procures positive enjoyment and confers absolute pleasure....]AND[pposites: "but also".
et... et emphasises surprising cooccurrence.
ac and atque connect near synonyms.
MOREOVER
praeterea refers to something supplementing and completing significantly what has gone before.
insuper refers to something just coming in addition to what has gone before.
ultro refers to something which goes beyond and exceeds what has gone before in such a striking way that it casts everything else into the background....]ANGER[refers to a loud displeasure.
ira refers to a passion inasmuch as it thirsts after vengeance, it is a desire for revenge.
indignatio refers to an awakened or excited moral feeling of indignation insofar as this expresses with energy its disapprobation or contempt.
stomachatio refers to a fit of passion of a person of choleric temperament.
iracundia refers to a natural inclination to anger, hastiness of temper, snappishness....]ANIMAL[g creature, human or animal with the focus on its particular nature.
animans refers to living creatures of any kind in so far as they are alive rather than dead.
bellua refers to animals as devoid of rationality, generally as wild and threatening.
bestia refers to destructive wild animals.
fera refers to wild animals of the forst without special emphasis on their threatening or destructive nature.
pecus refers to animals as devoid of rationality, often to domestic animals....]APOLOGISE[in clearing oneself of a suspicion or accusation by proving it to be groundless.
exusatio "excuse", refes to acknowledging that one has done somethng wrong, but asserting subjective innocence, i.e. claiming that the wrong was committed by mistake.
satisfactio "attonement" is the satisfaction made to the suffering party of some wrong, or the injured party, in case of innocence....]APPROPRIATE[iateness of a thing to be used in a certain way.
aptus refers to the actively construed aptness or fitness of a person or a thing to perform a certain task....]APPROXIMATELY[he force of what one has said, like "almost".
prope "nearly" indicates proximity to the truth.
fere "about" indicates relative inaccuracy....]ARM[s to the upper arm.
brachium refers to the lower arm.
cubitus refers to the elbow....]ARMY[n military formation.
cohors refers to a military formation insofar as it is under the command of a military commander.
agmen refers to an army as a solemn procession.
ARMY
exercitus refers to an army which consists of legions.
copiae refers to an armed force which consists of cohorts....]ARTISAN[rpenter or a smith, and the connotation is that his work involves the exercise of physical strength.
opifex refers to any craftsman, and the connotation is that his work involves mechanical or technical skills.
artifex refers to any craftsman or technician taken to be in posssession of advanced technical or professional skills enabling him to do advanced physical work.
LABOURER
mercenarius refers to a labourer insofar as he works not for their own interest but for pay.
operarius refers to a labourer insofar as they undertake to perform for others a piece of merely mechanical work.
mercenarius refers to a labourer and focusses on the fact that he sells his work for gain....]ARTS[ narrow sense, only as literature or the sciences so far as they are laid down in books, and, together with other branches of knowledge, enrich the mind, and are the means of sharpening the understanding and forming the taste.
artes refers to the arts and sciences in the widest sense of the word, so far as knoweldge of them immediately attests intellectual cultivation and readiness in the practical application of the sciences.
doctrina refers to particular parts of the general objects of knowledge formed into systems, especially the more speculative and abstract parts of philosophical and learned education.
disciplina refers to particular parts of the general objects of knowledge formed into systems, especially the more practical parts athat are conduceive to the purposes of life....]ASCEND[r height, where the ascent is connected with exertion and generally brings hands and feet into use.
ascendere refers quite generally to ascending a height, without any special nuance.
escendere refers to mounting a height which is fortified by ramparts or wall and the like, or which is highly visible, as a rostrum.
conscendere is to mount something in the company of others, typically a ship or the like.
inscendere is mount an enclosed space, typically a carriage etc....]ASK[ds to know the answer.
interrogare refers to a question which is a request for an answer, often an anwer involving the attitudes of the addressee, and according to Quintilian involves the readiness of the questioner to enter into an argument about the answer.
percontari refers to a question based on a strong desire to know and understand the answer, and according to Quintilian this simply involves a desire to know.
sciscitari refers to a question about certain facts assumed to be objectively known, and typically this type of question is for ulterior motives.
quaerere is to ask a question because in the spirit of honest inquiry.
requirere is to try to get informed about something, often routinely.
Impersonal:
quaeritur "The question is..."
quaestionem ponere, affere,
quaestio oritur, exoritur, nascitur
Nominalised:
interrogatio refers to the act of questioning.
dubitatio refers to a doubtful question.
quaestio refers to an open question which is the subject of intellectual inquiry.
percontatio refers to a (typically persistent) attempt to get information.
interrogatiuncula refers to petty questioning on matters of no consequence.
quaestiuncula refers to a petty problem.
disceptatiuncula refers to a petty eristic discussion.
Reflexive:
interrogare me ipse coepi "I have begun to ask myself"...]ASSENT[r conviction.
assentari is to express assent, with or without inner conviction....]ATTACK[nconsiderately.
irrumpere is to force one's way with violence.
invadere is to fall upon with boldness, and without regard to consequences....]BAD[erated from a superior good state.
peior refers to something that has been bad but
has become worse....]BALL[pherical object.
sphaera is a scientific term for any spherical object....]BARK[
gannire refers to the harmless barking of a little dog showing pleasure by barking.
baubari refers to the whining or howling of a dow....]BASIC NATURE[this constitutes the immovable ground of human individuality, and is not susceptible to change, and the special reference tends to be to the sensibilities of the heart.
ingenium focusses that part of natura which concerns particularly the faculties of the mind.
indoles refers to human disposition in so far as it constitutes only the beginning of an individuality which can devekop from it, and is susceptible to improvement....]BATTLE[any kind, from a minor fight or skirmish to a major battle.
acies can refer to a major battle of two contending armies drawn up in battle array, the pitched battle, typically on land.
proelium refers to the occasional encounter of separate divisions of the armies, as an engagement, action, skirmish.
certamen refers to a conflict of any kind, of words of of arms, with emphasis on the competitive element.
dimicatio refers to armed conflict insofar as it threatens one's life and the emphasis is on the defensive aspect of the struggle....]BE IN[e refers to participatory presence....]BEACON[is a natural pine torch.
funale is an artificial wax torch....]BEAM[w beam, rather like a substantial pole.
tignum refers to a shorter and thicker beam, like an elongated block....]BEAUTIFUL[it excites pleasure and delight.
pulcher refers to beauty in so far as it excites admiration, is imposing or satisfies taste by its perfectness.
venustus refers to beauty in so far as it excites desire and captivates.
formosus refers to beauty in so far as it is manifested in physical form and affects a natural (not necessarily elevated) sense of beauty.
venustas transports and captivates through a high degree of attractiveness.
gratia merely pleases and attracts by beauty.
PLEASANT
gratus refers to something that is welcome and acceptable to someone as precious, interesting or deserving of thanks.
iucundus refers to something that is welcome and acceptable because it gives delight.
gratiosus refers to something that seeks favour or popularity....]BED[ can lie down and sleep.
lectus refers specifically to a bed on which humans are to sleep....]BEGIN[ to the non-presence of something before and the new state of affairs created by the beginning afterwards; and the antonyms are desinere, desistere, finire.
ordiri refers to something beginning as the origin of a development or advancement, the antonyms being continuare and the intransitive pergere.
inchoare refers to the beginning of something as opposed to finishing it, perficere, consummare, peragere, absolvere.
coepi refers to an action beginning to happen in a colourless grammaticalised way, and the word is vtV....]BELIEVE[t by a person of considerable status, for example a senator.
judicare refers prototypically to the considered judgement of someone qualified to judge, like judge in a court of justice.
arbitrari refers to the considered belief prototypically by someone who is set to assess or arbitrate on a matter.
opinari is to hold and be prepared to utter a subjective and highly personal opinion as a changeable subjective opinion, and the word has strong connotations of modesty.
putare is to hold a subjective personal opinion.
reri is an archaic and poetic word for holding a personal opinion.
autumare is a highly antiquated word for holding an opinion.
aestimare is to assess objectively as a competent assessor.
existimare often involves a moral or personal judgment.
credere refers to belief on the basis of evidence from others, but the word is characteristically often used ironically.
OPINION
sententia refers to the view of a subject resting upon clear perception and an opinion formed through critical reflection.
opinio refers an opinion resting upon mere feeling.
suffragio refers to a formal opinion expressed in a vote.
opinatio refers to an assent to a certain opinion, typically without sufficient reason....]BENEVOLENCE[ of dependence of the lower towards the higher.
favor is the, typically temporary, love and favour of the higher towards the lower.
benevolentia is, typically temorary, love and good-will towards one of equal rank.
amor is, subjectively, love deeply rooted in the soul, bordering on passion.
gratia is, objectively, the favour in which one person stands with another....]BIG[cessory notion.
grandis refers to greatness with the accessory notion of intrinsic strength and grandeur.
amplus refers to great size with the accessory notion of comeliness and an imposing impression.
ingens refers to excessive greatness merely as extraordinary.
immanis refers to excessive size as exciting fear.
vastus refers to excessive size as wanting regularity and fixed form....]BIRD[uding winged insects.
aves is the general term for a bird
ales refers to larger birds only and is elevated stylistically....]BITTER[npleasant bitterness.
amarus (ant. dulcis) refers to a nauseating unpleasant bitterness.
mordax refers figuratively to what is bitter, as if biting into one....]BLACK[visible colour.
niger refers to black as being itself a characteristic colour.
pullus refers to the dirty black colour of dirt.
fuscus refers to browning black....]BLADE[ng that might cut.
acumen refers to the sharp tip of something that might prick, stab or stick....]BLAME[ the amendment of a fault or a warning for the future.
vituperare "rebuke" refers to blame with the aim of calling forth acknowledgement of a fault, bett er judgment, shame and repentance....]BLOOD[the body.
cruor refers to the blood which is gushing forth from a wound.
BLOODY
sanguineus refers to something which consists of blood.
sanguinolentus refers to something that smells of blood.
cruentus refers to something that is red with blood....]BOAST[of one's excellencies and merits, both in words and in actions, typically in a foolish manner.
gloriatio refers tothe open proclamation of one's excellencies and merits, with the accessory notion of insolence.
ostentatio refers to vanity as t he result of crafty calculation of the effect procuced, concealing the emptiness of the show.
venditatio refers to the display of vanity by open self-advertisement and the exaggeration of one's excellencies....]BOOTY[y.
manubiao refers only to the honourable booty of the soldier which he has taken in war.
rapina refers to the dishonourable booty of the robber, who violates the peace....]BOREDOM[o is dull, tasteless, and heavy-handed.
infacetus refers to anyone who lacks special wit, and the word is usually used with negatives, is a negative polarity item....]BOTH[o refers to both as halves of a pair....]BOTTOM[ch one may place a firm foot.
fundus refers to the bottom of a vessel.
fundamentum refers to a foundation which has been artificially laid, on which a building rests....]BOUNDARY[t line.
terminus refers to a sign of a boundary in the form of a stone set up as the sign of a bounding point.
limes refers to a sign of a boundary in the form of a ridge....]BRANCH[a tree in general, and in particular the living green boughs.
ramalium refers to the withered dry bough.
virga is the general word for a twig.
sucrulus refers to offshoots.
sarmentum refers to a useless twig to be thrown away.
stolo refers to a twig insofar as it is in one's way or might cause injury....]BREAK OFF[umpere refers to rending what is flexible.
disrumpere refers to breaking into several pieces what was originally one whole.
diffringere ditto.
divellere refers to tearing asunder what was joined together....]BREAST[eshy part of the body, mostly of females.
uber refers to nourishing breast as filled with milk, which is only found in the femal body....]BRIDLE[breaks the wild horse.
habena is the rein with which he turns the obedient horse.
oreae was perhaps the generic term for bridle and reins....]BUILDING[ding.
domus is the residence of a family.
aedes refers to the large residence of a family, typically consisting of several buildings.
HOUSE
villa refers to a country house, usually with a real estate attached to it.
fundus refers to a real estate, usually with a country house.
praedium refers to landed property of any kind, with or without a house on it....]BURY[ dead body of the deceased.
exsequiae refers to the formal procession of relatives and friends as part of the funeral proceedings.
pompa refers to the formal procession of relatives and friends as part of the funeral proceedings, but with special reference to the carrying along of symbols and pictures of the deceased.
BURY
sepelire refers to burial as the more or less formal enterment of the remains of a dead person as a proper and technical expression.
condere reers to burial as a general and softer expression.
humare refers to bural as despositing a dead body in the earth, as the last part of a burial.
tumulare "to make a proper mound in the place where the dead body lies"....]BUSH[ ceating something of an inaccessible wilderness.
sentes refers to thorny bushes.
vepres refers to thorny bushes creating an inaccessible wilderness....]BUTCHER[re ready-slaughtered meat is sold.
macellum refers to the market in which the macellarius sells all sorts of meat, including pultry and fish....]BUY[g the right to own something by paying a price.
mercari refers to a formalised mercantile act which concludes negotiations regarding the buying of something, the formal transaction of a bargain.
redimere can refer figuratively to the obtaining of something at a metaphorical "price"....]CANDLE[out.
lucerna is a candle that is fixed, typically on a table....]CARPENTER[rpenter or a smith, and the connotation is that his work involves the exercise of physical strength.
opifex refers to any craftsman, and the connotation is that his work involves mechanical or technical skills.
artifex refers to any craftsman or technician taken to be in posssession of advanced technical or professional skills enabling him to do advanced physical work....]CARRY[transporting of something, by hand, from one place to another.
portare refers to the carrying of something either for oneself or for others.
bajulare refers to the carrying of something for others, as a porter.
BEAR
ferre refers to the supporting of a heavy burden.
tolerare refers to the bearing of some burden without sinking with it, and with a considerable use of strength.
sustinere refers to keeping something up without allowing it to sink down.
pati refers to bearing a burden or suffering something without trying to get rid of it. (Marginal to this group)...]CAVE[ar opening, leading up into a mountain, typically with a wide opening.
scrobs refers to a temporary pit with an horizontal opening, leading down into the earth, and normally designed to be filled in again.
caverna refers to a whole in the ground with a round opening.
spelunca refers to a cavity with reference to its darkness and dreadfulness.
antrum refers to a grotto as a beautiful object with reference to its romantic appearance and cooling temperature.
spelaeum is a poetic word referring to the cave as the lurking-hole of a wild beasts.
fovea refers to a pit meant to remain open or only covered in order to keep or catch wild beasts....]CHEEK[n in a merely physiologicl sense.
gena refers to the cheek in a poetic mode, as an aesthetic object....]CHILD[ when (s)he is dependent on parents and has no family; in a narrower sense the word can refer to a person between seven and age sixteen.
infans refers to a child of any sex up to the age of seven.
adolescens refers to a youngster beyond the age of sixteen.
juvenis refers to any young person from about the time he comes of age to the first appearances of advanced age; specifically the term normally refers to a youth upto the age of twenty-four.
adolescens refers to a youth below the age of eighteen.
vir refers to a person from the age of thirty.
maturus refers to the man in his ripest years "when the wild fire of youth has evaporated"....]CHIN[to the lower jaw....]CHOOSE[isive with regard to a choice.
eligere refers to the deliberately choosing to make a choice at all in the sense of not taking anything that comes one's way....]CIRCLE[ periphery described by it.
circulus refers to a circular level plain as such.
gyrus refers to a curved and especially a serpentine line....]CITIZEN[bitant versus the citizen.
inquilinus refers to the owner of a house, also known as dominus.
colonus refers to the owner of a piece of land....]CITY WALL[h reference to its form, without reference to its use.
paries refers specifically to the outer walls in a house, or the walls within a house.
moenia refers to the city walls, used as a defense against an enemy.
munimenta refers to the system of walls in a fortress.
maceria is the outer wall of a compound to mark the boundaries and to exclude thieves, and the word may refer to a garden wall.
parietina is a wall that has crumbled and lies in ruins....]CLEAR[ue and not based on floating rumours only.
apparet refers to something being evident as something that emerges from a state where it was less than evident.
liquet refers to something being evident under the image of it flowing easily and not being frozen stiff.
elucet refers to something being evident as something shining forth with clarity....]COARSE[s rough and rugged.
hirtus and hisrsutus refer particularly to what is covered with rough hair or a rough surface and is therefore not soft and smooth.
hispidus refers to roughness of surface that offends the eye.
asper refers to the roughness of a surface especially insofar as it my cause injury or cause pain....]COLD[ere refers to feeling unpleasantly cold.
algidus refers to an unpleasant chill.
alsus refers to refreshing coolness.
frigidus refers to a moderate degree of coldness.
gelidus refers to something being on the point of freezing....]COMMAND[n consequence of one's own wish or will.
imperare is to cammand by virtue of a military or political authority.
praecipere is to enjoin by virtue of one's authority as a teacher or as a person of culture.
mandare is to charge someone with a task because of one's confidence in that person....]COMPEL[of compelling someone to do something by force or through the use of superior power.
adigere refers to the act of compelling something to do something through the force of argument and a strong effort of motivation....]COMPLAIN[ of pain through lamentation.
quiritatio refers to a continued expression of main over a period of time.
querimonia is the just feeling of the injured person who will not brook an act of injustice, and this word implies understanding of the situation and aims at redress or satisfaction.
querela tends to refer to the blamable feeling of the discontented person who will brook no hardship, and this word does not normally refer to an action aiming at redressing an unjust situation....]COMPLETE[ action.
consummare refers emphatically to carrying something through to the end.
COMPLETELY
plane means "completely".
omnino "altogether and generally".
prorsus "exactly".
penitus "thoroughly, deeply".
utique "at any rate, in any case"....]CONCEAL[lge, like reticere.
occulere and occultare refer to the concrete hiding of something from physical view.
occultare refers to making a physical thing or event unobservable.
abdere refers to making a physical thing unobservable by moving it aside or putting it somewhere else.
condere refers to making a physical object unobservable by putting it in a safe place that protects it from inspection and hiding it carefully.
abscondere refers to making a physicla object unobservable by putting in in a safe place and ensuring its careful preservation.
HIDING PLACE
latebra refers to a retired or obscure place where a man can conveniently remean concealed.
latibulum is a lurking-hole into whihc a person must creep in order to hide away in it....]CONTRACT[ conducted with a view to securing mutual interests.
societas refers to an engagement to cvollaborate on some undertaking on the ground of mere agreement....]CORRECT[of emendation or correction which sets things right.
emendare is the friendly act of emendation or correction characterised by sympathy and a common aim....]COUNTRYSIDE[to a town or city.
ager refers to the open country or fields....]COURAGE[ even wild courage that may be ascribed to animals as well as humans.
fortitudo denotes a passive moral courage and resilience in defense.
virtus can refer to energetic and impressive active courageinvolving crucially the courage of one's own convictions, displayed in impressive action.
audacia refers neutrally to contempt of danger.
audentia refers to the laudable spirit of courageous enterprise....]CRADLE[dding for a child is placed.
incunabulae refers to the bedding that is placed inside the cradle....]CRAFTY[the invention and execution of a secret project.
callidus refers to sharp-sightedness in judging a complicated question on the basis of broad knowledge.
vafer refers to cunning shrewdness on points of technical proficiency in difficult legal questions.
versutus refers to immoral cunning in the execution of technical difficult things....]CREATE[e by one's own act of will and creative power.
gignere is to generate someting as part of a natural process like parturition.
generare represents the process of natural procreation or parturition as something divine, and the word can also be used in figurative senses when it is a divine or spiritual variant of creare....]CRIME[ht offense against punitive laws.
peccatum refers to a transgression of natural rules of reason or morality.
malefactum refers to any deed that one should not have done.
maleficium refers to any misdeed that springs from an evil intention.
facinus is a major daring misdeed which springs from wickedness of nature.
flagitium is a flagrant breach of the norms of honourable behaviour that one has set for oneself, e.g. through gluttony, cowardice, licentiousness.
scelus is a fragrant offence against society through malice.
nefas refers to sacrilege against what is holy to the gods or ordained by the gods....]CRITICISE[ething, from which he must indicate himself as against an accusation.
exprobare refers to upbraiding a person with something about which he can do nothing....]CROWD[ refers to a disorderly crowd
globus refers to a thick tight crowd thronging together like a ball....]CRUEL[y of the tyrant who acts like a ravenous beast.
crudelitas refers to the reckless cruelty e.g. of a judge who enforces the utmost rigour of the law.
atrocitas...]CUP[cup for use at meals.
calix refers to a chalice, goblet, or beaker used at feasts.
scyphus, cantharus, cymbium, caligna are all foreign words, of Greek origin, denoting particular sorts of cups....]CURE[ysician who heals with humane sympathy, judgment, and art.
medicari is poetical for mederi.
curare refers to caring for someone properly so as to heal him.
sanare refers to the effect of drugs or other forms of well-defined treatgment....]CURSE[olically wicked.
detestari is to call down divine evils on a person through a curse....]CURVED[vatus refer to anthing that is rounded and not straight.
uncus refers to something very markedly rounded, almost into a semicircle.
pandus refers to slight rounding.
curva forms a continuous crooked line.
incurva forms a straight line but ends in a curve.
aduncus refers to e.g. horns being curved outwards.
reduncus refers to e.g. horns being curved inwards....]CUSTOM[, a habit of mind and/or body.
habitudo refers typically to a physical habit.
RITUAL
consuetudo refers to any uniform observance of a standard of behaviour by an individual or by a group.
mos refers to reasoned observance of a standard on moral and traditional grounds.
ritus refers to the hallowed of something as ordained by the gods or other supernatural powers as obligatory ceremony, and the term typically has religious connotations.
caerimonia refers to what is habitually observed as a standard of ritual practice in serving the gods.
HABIT
solere refers to any event or action occurring routinely or regularly.
consuevisse refers specifically to recurrent habitual action....]DAMAGE[omething in such a way that it is not quite beyond restitution.
corrumpere refers to the act of impairing something in such a way that it is beyond repair or restitution....]DARE[g that is dangerous.
moliri is to have the energy and determination to do something that is demanding and difficult to do.
NB:
conari is to have the energy to do something difficult but important....]DARK[ction of light.
tenebrae refers directly to the absence of light as such.
caligo denotes a greater degree of darkness than tenebrae....]DECIDE[of deciding on a future course of action, or by which a current issue is settled.
obstinare refers to a psychological act of rigidly and stubbornly insisting on deciding on a future course of action, or settling a current affair.
decernere refers to a political decision made after formal consultation with a relevant political group.
statuere refers to a personal political decision made on one's own behalf, not necessarily and not even normally based on extensive public consultation.
constituere refers to a ruler's personal political decision on matters of direct importance to the masses....]DEFEND[tance and to prevent the approach of something.
arcere is to bar the entry of something and to defend oneself against something.
defendere is to guard systematically against possible recurrent attack or approach.
DEFEND
tueri refers to a defense against a danger which is only possible, as "protect".
defendere refers to a defense against an actual attack, as the English "defend".
EXPEL Schulz 112
depellere is to defend oneself successfully against something by expelling it from where it already has made inroads.
propulsare is to defend oneself by expelling something by violent means....]DELAY[o the postponement of something that is to be done to a later date than what might be expected, and the emphasis is on the negative aspect of the deferral.
proferre refers to procratination with special emphasis on the proposed action to be actually undertaken, though at a later date.
procrastinare refers to procrastination like proferre, but the deferral is to a near future....]DELIBERATE[aken voluntarily, on the agent's own free initiative.
ultro refers to an action being undertaken in an over-ready manner.
libenter adds to the notion of voluntariness the element of a positive feeling of pleasure on the part of the agent.
voluntate emphasizes the act of will involved in the voluntary action....]DELIGHT[of mind.
laetari refers to the manifestation of joy in gesture and action.
exsultare refers to an excessive form of joy.
laetus refers to the show of one's joy in a calm cheerfulness and satisfaction with the present.
hilaris refers to a lively form of mirth which disposes one to laughter and to joking.
jucundus refers to a momentary sensation of joy.
laetus refers to a more lasting sensation of joy....]DEMAND[her as request or demand.
poscere refers to demanding something, with decisiveness and with a feeling of right or power.
orare refers to asking for someting in a submissive way.
postulare refers to a wish and a will, without any enhancing accessory notion, as a quiet utterance of the will.
exigere refers to what is put forward as a just claim.
flagitare is to demand something with importunity, in consequences of a passionate and impatient eagerness.
DEMAND
requirere "demand" claims something as a right, assuming that the other party understands and agrees on this right.
desiderare refers to a demand based on feeling, and in particular a desire for the thing demanded, and it is basically the expression of a wish....]DENSE[another without any observable gaps between them.
spissus refers to things being very densely squeezed together so as to interlock....]DEPRESSED[ing beyond hope.
desperans refers to the subjective state of urgent desperation....]DESCENDANT[ for descendents.
progenies is an elevated word for one's descendents.
proles refers to children as fruits destined, as a younger race, to exist with their parents.
suboles refers to children as an after-growth destined to replace the elder generation....]DESERVE[hing, and the word is always transitive.
mereri is an intransitive verb meaning "to be deserving" and is constructed with adverbs, ut erat meritus....]DESIRE[g, especially desires for material possessions and money.
cupiditas refers to an active desire for anything desirable.
libido refers specifically to an irrationally and unduly strong and passionate desire for something.
voluptas refers to the delights or pleasures of gratified desires.
DESIRE
cupere refers to a vehement passionate desire.
gestire refers to a lively desire, whowing itself, typically, by gestures.
avere refers to an impatient hasty desire....]DESPISE[e's attention or pursuit.
despicere refers to looking upon something with contempt so as to disregard it.
fastidire refers to a strong disdain or scorn which leads one to disregard something, and this is normally by a natural inclination, an antipathy.
temnere refers to a refusal to take something seriously or to regard it as important.
contemnere refers to a determined, explicit and insistent refusal to take something seriusly or to regard it as important.
aspernari refers to a rejection of something with contempt.
negligere refers to a plain careless failure or refusal to pay attention to something or to take account of something.
recusare refers to an explicit declaration of an unwillingness to take someting seriously or to take it into account....]DESTROY (p.1)[4 滅, whereas
delere is only to ruin, reduce to ruins, make useless.
ABOLERE means to annul, to annihilate, and, as far as possible, to remove from the universe and cast into oblivion; but d e 1 e r e to destroy, to bring a thing to nought, and make it useless.
DESTROY
vastare refers to the laying waste, from rage or a policy to destroy the prperty of an enemy.
populari is to plunder for one's own profit on a large scale.
diripere is to plunder on a small scale.
spoliari is an act of plundering as part of open warfare.
expilare is to plunder in times of peace.
peculari is to plunder so as to take away large amounts of money from someone.
DESTROY
perdere refers to destruction by breaking to pieces or any other mode of destroying.
pessundare refers to destruction by sinking or any other mode of getting rid of.
evertere refers to destroying by digging up and tearing up what is fastened in the ground.
pervertere refers to destruction by punshing down what stands fast.
subvertere refers to destruction by secretly digging under, and withdrawing the basis.
DESTROY
destruere refers to destroying a temporary structure.
demoliri refers to destroying a solid permanent structure.
DESTRUCTION
pernicies refers to destruction of a living person by murder.
exitium refers to violent (passive) destruction even of lifeless objects by annihilation
interitus refers indifferently to the destruction of living or lifeless objects by general decay....]DIE[is a poetic and solemn expression for the lot of death.
nex refers to violent death.
obitus is a euphemistic word for death.
interitus is a dignified word for sudden or violent death.
DIE
perire represents death as destruction and corruption.
interire represents death as a vanishing.
obire mortem is a polite circumscription.
oppetere mortem is death as sought by someone by deliberate action.
demori refers to death insofar as it creates a vacancy in society.
intermori is to hover on the verge to death.
emori refers to dying irrevocably, after some uncertainty about life or death....]DIFFERENT[iven thing, "varied".
versicolor refers to something that is varied in colour, or changes in colour.
diversum refers to something different from other things "distinct".
contrarium refers to something that is not only distinct but directly the opposite of something else....]DIFFICULT[f access.
difficilis refers to something being hard to do....]DIKE[tructure, e.g. as a defensive installation in warfare.
vallum refers to a rampart insofar as it encloses an area, e.g. a fortress....]DILIGENT[ habitual quality of an elevated sort, the impulse to activity that animates the hero or the statesman.
sedulitas refers to an activity that shows itself in small matters, often even of a comic sort, the indefatigable bustling of the busy housewife, of the good-natured nurse.
assiduitas refers to an extensive tendency to put in a worthy uninterrupted effort.
diligentia reers to intensive careful application to whatever is needed in order to the aims of one's industry.
studium refers to the inclination and loe towards the object of one's industry, as an inward impulse....]DIRTY[g to something that is besmeared with an oily substgance.
unctus refers to something being anointed with a fragrant oily substance or ointment.
oblitus is the general word for being besmeared with any impure substance.
DEFILE
contaminare refers to defilement as the pernicious ruining of what is sound and useful.
inquinare focusses on the sallying or marring of what is inherently beautiful and attractive.
polluere is the desecration of what is spiritually pure or even holy....]DISASTER[ght upon oneself.
detrimentum is a disaster one suffers without having caused it.
iactura is a voluntary loss of someting which one chooses to suffer in order to avoid greater evils.
MISFORTUNE
infortunium refers to a single misfortune as a vexatious, typically minor accident.
calamitas refers to a single tragic major incident.
infelicitas refers to a lasting state of misery, typically as the result of a lack of success.
miseria refers to a lasting state of very serious affliction of any kind....]DISLOYAL[rust.
infidelis refers to someone who is unfaithful and therefore does not deserve any trust but is to be criticised for his actions.
perfidus refers to treacherousness not as a general characteristic but as demonstrated in specific actions....]DISTANT[erable distance but still within sight.
longe refers to something being at a great distance, generally out of sight.
e longinquo "from afar"....]DISTINGUISH[the ability to make subtle distinctions.
distinguere refers to the exercise of the ability to recognise marks and signs by which to keep things apart....]DISTRIBUTE[ut or giving something to someone as an act of free will and of goodness.
tribuere refers to an act of sharing out or giving as an act of justice or of judiciousness.
participare refers to the giving something out of which one retains a part oneself, and the object of the verb is generally the person to whom something is given.
communicare generally refers to the giving something out of which one retains a part oneself, and the object of the verb is generally the thing shared out....]DIVIDE[n of a genus into its various subspecies.
partitio refers, specifically, to the divion of a whole into its natural constituent parts.
dividere refers to dividing of something where natural divisions can be made
dirimere refers to the introducing of artificial divisions where they do not naturally belong.
dispertire refers very specifically to the dividing up of property with a view to partition among future owners....]DIVINATION[eing and foretelling, by divine inspiration, of future events.
praesagire refers to the professional foreseeing and foretelling of future events through natural skills that border on the supernatural.
praesentire refers to the foreseeing of future events as made possible by a special sensitivity.
praevidere refers to the foreseeing of future events as made possible by an intellectual capability for analysis together with sound instincts.
vaticinatio is the inspired prediction of a future event by a person possessed of supernatural powers.
praedictio is the professional or serendipitous prediction of what will occur on the basis of intellectual insight and/or sound instincts.
DIVINATION Dum 885
divinare refers to divining, conjecturing or foreseeing
hariolari refers to the foretelling, typically by someone not really qualified to foretell the future professionally.
vaticinari refers to foretelling as an inspired person able to foretell with authority....]DIVORCE[y a man to send away his betrothed bride or his married wife.
divortium is divorce by mutual consent between husband and wife....]DOMESTIC ANIMAL[ion for domestic animals, but the word may also refer specifically to smaller domesti animals like swine, goats and especially sheep.
iumenta domestic animals of the larger sorts, bullocks, ases, horses, and the word may refer specifically to beasts used for drawing carriages.
armenta refers to animals used in ploughing, oxen and horses, with the exclusion of cows, pack-asses, ridfing-horses and the like....]DOOR[y oor.
ianua refers specifically to the door of a house.
fores reers to the leaves of a door, which serve to close an opening.
valvae refers to the leaves of the gate of a stately building like a temple....]DOUBT[ncertainty with regard to the success or failure of something, or of good versus bad fortune.
anceps refers to doubt with reference to whether something does or does not exist....]DREAM[ream.
insomnium is a poetic word for a dream....]DRINK[ human.
potare refers to drinking in the style of a beast....]DROP OF LIQUID[id, and the emphasis is on the small amount of liquid this contains. There is no reference to the drop dropping or not.
stilla is an artificial measured drop, and the implication is that it does fall.
stiria refers to a thick or congealed drop....]DRUG[erence to its material substance, is it is prepared by the apothecary.
medicina refers to a remedy with referenc3e to its healing virtues, as ordered by a physician.
remedium refers to any remedy for evils other than illnesses as well as for illnesses....]DRUNK[a state of inspired intoxication, elevation, exaltation.
vinolentia refers to inebriation negatively, as a state of drunken insensitivity, loss of intellectual control and loss of memory.
crapula refers objectively to the taking in of large quantities of alcohol.
ebrius as a noun refers to a person who is in a current state of drunkenness.
ebriosus refers negatively to a person who is given to excessive use of alcohol....]DRY[natural moisture through internal factors.
torridus refers to something that has lost its natural moisture through external impact.
siccus refers to dryness on the surface only....]DWELL[o permanent residence in the object.
habitare takes a prepositional phrase as an object and is synonymous with incolere....]EAGER[do something positive.
ardens refers to fiery overeagerness.
acer refers to energetic eagerness, as that of flames, positively conceived.
vehemens refers to violent eagerness, negatively conceived.
enixe refers adverbially to subservient eagerness as an attitude towards seniors.
intente refers adverbially to eagerness typically of attention....]EARLY[the early part of the bright day, as opposed to the night.
crepusculo refers to the twilight in the very early morning, as opposed to the bright day.
diluculo refers to the dim twilight just after complete darkness....]EARNEST[as it is seated in the mind.
gravitas refers to earnestness in sofar as it makes an impression on others.
strenuitas refers to earnestness insofar as it shows itself in action....]ELEMENT[le part of writing.
elementum refers more generally to the indivisible basic elements of language.
See the literature on STOICHEION in Greek....]ELOQUENT[ith clarity and precision.
facundus refers to someone who speaks with a natural facility and graceful eloquence.
eloquens refers to someone who speaks with precision and grace at the same time.
ELOQUENT
garrulitas refers to childish or idle talkativeness, from the mere pleasure of talking and hearing oselsef talk.
loquacitas refers to a quaint talkativeness, from inability to stop short, which has its origin in the diminished energy of old age.
garrulus refers to the property of a person given to much talking.
verbosus refers to the property of a text which uses excessively many words.
ELOQUENCE
lepos refers to light wit which, like humour, is only opposed to seriousness and is opposed to dullness of mind.
festivitas refers to a cheerful wit as opposed to gloomy seriousness.
facetiae refers to the jocund type of wit.
sales rfers to pungent wit, piquant humour.
dicacitas refers to the satirical wit which is exercised at the cost of others, yet so that the jest is still the principal aim, the pain inflicted being only an accidental adjunct.
cavillatio refers to the scoffing wit in which the mortification of others is the principal aim, the jest only a a means and unimportant form....]EMBELLISH[tegrated part of making something properly and fully useful, and the word has positive connotations.
comere refers to typically effeminate superficial beautification through attractive arrangement of what is embellished that shows excessive interest in mere appearances and superficial beauty.
decorare refers to getting something into properly decorative shape....]EMBRACE[ one arm only, as a sign of mild affection.
complecti refers to a passionate embrace with both arms....]EMPTY[ full of content.
vacuus refers to emptiness of that which may be filled but is at prsent vacant....]ENCOURAGE[nactive person by merely bidding, speaking to, and calling upon him, to an action, often of a laudable kind.
hortari refers to urging an inactive person by merely bidding, speaking to, and calling upon him, to an action, the action always being presumed to be of the laudable kind.
instigare refers to the spurring on of a reluctant person by vehement exhortations, promises, threats, to engage in an adventurous undertaking.
irritare refers to inciting a generally quiet person, by rousing passions, ambitions, to engage in a violent and adventurous course of action.
ADMONISH Dum 1665
hortatio refers to an admonition that is addressed directly to the will and resolution of the person admonished, and the aim of hortatio is always an action.
monere refers to an admonition and warning regarding the future which is directed almost entirely to the consciousness of the person adminished, and to his judgment, and the aim of monitio is always a way of thinking about things, where this way of thinking may or may not result in action. Monitio may be among equals.
admonere refers to admonitions and warnings regarding the past.
obiurgare refers to a reproach or reprimand from a superior....]END[mething, regardless of how far the development that is being finished actually has gone, and the contrast is with incipere.
terminare is to discontinue something that might have continued, and the contrast is with continuare....]ENDURING[ without break or interruption.
perpetuum is what has continuous duration and lasts to its natural end without breaking off before.
sempiternum is what is everlasting, following along with the changing times.
aeternus is what lasts out all time and is vaguely perceived to reach larger aeons beyond earthly time.
LASTING
diuturnus refers to a long duration indifferently.
diutinus refers negatively to something being protracted and wearisome....]ENEMY[ontext
hostis is the enemy in war.
inimicus is a personal enemy....]ENTER[marked physical space, and it tends to function as a transitive verb.
introire "step into a marked space" is intansitive, but takes preposition-phrase objects.
ingredi refers to any entering into a marked or unmarked space.
inire refers almost invariably to a rigurative entering into an activity....]ENVY[ whether active, as that which a man harbours, or passive, as a state in which a man stands.
invidentia is Cicero's term for the kind of envy which a man harbours.
malignitas is a permanent inclination towards envy of others.
obtrectatio refers to a course of action motivated by envy, or a manner of action motivated by envy directed towards a rival....]ESPIONAGE[ut out conditions in an enemy country.
speculator refers to real spies sent out to explore the intentions of the enemy as well as the prevailing enemy conditions.
emissarius refers to a person sent on a secret mission, secret negotiations or other secret transactions in enemy country....]ESTABLISH[f any profane institution of any kind.
instaurare refers to the establishment of a sacred or honorable, or a generally important institution or practice like sacrifices etc....]EXAMPLE[g many possible examples, typically for its aptness.
exemplar refers to an exemplary typical example for a certain kind of phenomenon, a prototype. See also MODEL...]EXCELLENT[efer neutrally and objectively to any kind of superiority or excellence.
egregius adds to the notion of superiority a general element of enthusiasm on the part of the speaker, like glorious.
eximius adds to the notion of superiority the subjective element of admiration, like the English "excellent", and is prototypically positive.
insignis refers to outstandingness neutrally, both in negative and in positive senses.
singularis refers neutrally to outstandingness, and it emphasises uniqueness....]EXCREMENT[, as filth.
fimus refers to dung in its useful sense, as manure.
coenum is t he most general neutral word for excrement.
oletum refers to human excrement.
merda refers specifically to animal excrement....]EXPENSE[ diminishes wealth and capital.
impensae refers to expense insofar as it serves to achieve an aim or to obtain an object....]EXPLAIN[something in a didactic and coherent form.
disputare refers to an act of explaining something in a polemical and systematically methodic style....]EXTRAVAGANT[n, and sometimes even objectively as an object of luxury.
luxuria is always usedf subjectively referring to a propensity and disposition as the desiderative of luxus....]FACE[e in general.
oculi is a plurale tantum which refers to the expressive part of the face around the eyes.
os refers to the face as a basically stative feature expressive of the inner state of the bearer of the face.
vultus refers to the face as a mobile entity which dynamically expresses the changing feelings of the bearer, especially through the movement of the eyes and the eyebrows....]FACTION[itself by difference of principles and interests.
factio refers to the clique of partisans, formed by narrow differences of the members of a party with each other, and who act together with blind party-spirit....]FALL[en falling.
cadere means simply to fall or come to the ground, with reference to the point which a person or thing reaches by his fall....]FAMILY[ilia denotes a family as a political unit, as part of a civitas or populus.
FAMILY
gens refers to the trunk or body of a tree and by extension to main line of descent.
familia refers to the individual branches of an over-arching gens.
prosapia is an antiquated solemn word only used of ancient noble families....]FAMOUS[ only rarely persons.
inclytus refers to famousness and distinction of thing, and only in poetry to persons.
clarus refers primarily to civil or political fame.
illustris refers to extraordinary political fame grounded in personal virtues.
nobilis refers to extraordinary political fame grounded in virtues that are based on one's belonging to a certain clan.
FAMOUS
gloria refers to renown as a public attitude expressed in public writing or in speech.
claritas refers to public renown as something shining and bright as a public image....]FAT[hat component part of the body that is most without sensation and strength.
opimus refers positively to fanness as a sign of plenty and good living, opulence.
obesus refers to fatness as connected with unwieldiness of body.
corupulentus refers to opulent portliness as connected with fatness....]FATE[trary fortune.
fortuna refers to arbitrary purposeful fortune as interfering in human affairs.
fatum refers to meaningful, purposeful, structured and in principle often even predictable fate, typically as enacted by the gods....]FEAR[at is strikingly venerable or perceived as such.
metuere is fear that has its source in a threatening danger inherent in an object or a situation, and it is based on anticipation of an impending evil, as well as reflection upon it, and it is based on prudence and foresight.
timere refers to fear of an impending danger that proceeds from cowardice and weakness rather than weakness.
ignavia is inaptitude for noble action and particularly for deeds of valour, for reasons of exaggerated fearfulness.
horror is an immediate feeling of fear which overpowers the understanding by some dreadful image, as a bodily expression of such a feeling.
formido is the immediate feeling of overpowering fear as a purely mental state....]FEED[children.
pascere is to feed collectively, as one does domestic animals....]FERTILE[ breading living creature.
fertilis refers to the fruitfulness of a piece of land and the like.
ferax is a rarer word referring to the fruitfulness of a piece of land and the like.
uber refers to the ability to bring forth, sustain and foster.
frugifer refers to fruitfulness under the image of a corn-field.
fructuosus refers to fruitfulness under the image of a tree prone to bear fruit....]FETTERS[ic term, that are used to tie someone up.
catenae are specifically chains whether for fettering or for other purposes.
compedes refers to bands used for fettering in general, the hands or the feet.
pedicae refers to irons for fettering the feet.
manicae refers to irons for fettering the hands....]FIELD[or not.
ager refers to an open field as opposed to ground that is built upon or planted with trees.
rus refers to corn-fields in opposition to the village or the town.
arvum refers to open land as opposed to pasture lands and plantations....]FIGHT[onflict by the use of violence, typically by the use of arms.
confligere refers to the entering of a violent typically armed conflict.
dimicare refers to the fighting out of a conflict between individuals, with emphasis, perhaps on the defensive side, and quite typically between two individuals who have made a formal decision to settle a conflict by a somewhat formalised fight.
digladiari refers to fighting out an individual conflict, particularly by individuals wielding swords or daggers....]FIND[ding what one has sought.
reperire refers to the finding of something that has been concealed from one before, after the expenditure of considerable energy.
deprehendere refers to the finding of something that has deliberately concealed itself....]FLATTER[ agreeable to one's audience.
adulari is to say what one hopes will be agreeable to one's audience with the added element of self-degradation....]FLESH[ed to other body tissue like sinews etc.
pulpa refers to flesh insofar as it is edible or even a delicacy, as opposed to bones etc.
viscera refers to any tissue between skin and bones....]FLOW[eferring to liquids moving along.
manare refers to the process of flowing as a moving away from or out of something.
liquere refers to the process of becoming liquified and then flowing.
dissolvere refers specifically to the process of dissolution as such....]FOOD[ a meal of any kind.
convivium refers to a social convivial meal.
dapes refers to a religious meal as part of a religious service to the gods.
epulum is a formal dinner party, prototypically in honour of someone, on a large scale, and with the presence of notables.
commissatio refers to a lavish meal involving many courses of delicacies....]FORBID[f the law.
interdicere refers to forbidding by virtue of official authority only....]FOREIGNER[nging another country,and the term describes a purely spatial relation.
exterus refers specifically to persons from another country.
extraneus refers to any person that does not belong into a given circle.
extrarius refers to what is outside oneself.
peregrinus refers to a person without a right of citizenship where he lives.
hospes refers positively to the stranger or foreigner as deserving special hospitality.
aliegenus refers to any person not native to a given country.
advena refers to an imigrant of any kind....]FOREST[efers to a wood as a wild place.
nemus refers to a wood as a pleasant grove.
lucus refers to a wood as a sacred place consecrated to the gods....]FORGIVE[iving someone from one's heart for an immoral act, and to be prepared to forget all about this act.
veniam dare refers to a political act by which one allows clemency to take the place of formal justice.
MILD
mitis refers to mildness versus harshness.
lenis refers to gentleness versus vehemence.
placidus refers to mild composure versus restless or nervous hustle....]FREE[ce to his master.
bitertinus refers to the freed-man with reference to this independent status....]FRIEND[utual friendship.
amans refers to someone infatuated temporarily with someone else, without any notion of reciprocity.
amator refers to someone stably enamoured of another person, without any notion of reciprocity
FRIEND
socius refers to someone who is bound to one by a common interest to act together as partners, companions, etc.
sodales are bound only by a common enjoyment of life, as comrades and good friends, and this is an elevated word connoting dignified friendship.
sociennus is a light-hearted word for a sodalis.
familiaris refers to someone who has one's complete confidence, to whom one is bound, as one heart and soul, in mirth and sorrow.
consors refers to someone who passively shares enjoyment and possession of something.
particeps refers to someone who actively shares sahres in the enjoyment or possession of something....]FRIGHTEN[ne.
perterrere is strongly intensitive.
exterrere is slightly intensitive.
terrorem alicui affere and similar phrases are periphrastic and stylistically heavy.
TERRIFYING
atrox refers to the terrifying aspect of things.
trux refers to the terrifying aspect of persons in voice, aspect etc, often with an element of the heroic or impressive.
truculentus refers to a more "trivial" terrifying aspect of a person.
dirus refers to a dreadfulness naturally inherent in things.
saevus refers to terrifying often blood-thirsty dreadfulness....]GALL[ers to the gall of humans, and the word is used figuratively to indicate exasperation....]GALLOPGARMENT[lothes.
vestimentum is any single item of clothing.
amictus refers to the whole of the over-clothing.
amiculum refers to a single item of over-clothing, such as a cloak.
cultus refers to any item of clothing, girdle, hat, ornaments etc..
habitus refers to the general mode of dressing, carriage of the body etc....]GATE-LOCK[ a door.
clavis refers to the key.
claustrum refers to a bolt that is fastened to the door.
pessulus refers to a smaller bar used to lock the door.
repagulum refers to a larger bar.
obex refers to the very large and heavy bar used to lock a major gate....]GENEROUS[ present to anyone of any kind.
benignus refers to someone who follows a pure impaulse of humanity, love towards his fellow men in making rich presents.
liberalis refers to someone who, as a result of a prou feeling of self-respect feels inclined to show generosity.
munificus refers to someone who is amply generous in generous out the the goodness of his heart, and with a deep desire to do good to others.
GENEROUS
prodigus refers to prodigality inasmuch as someone disregards monetary considerations.
profusus refers to produgality insofar as something thinks of nothing as being too expensive as long as it can minister to his pleasures, from levity of character....]GHOST[rted spirit, as a supernatural appearance.
mostellum refers to the apparition of a departed spirit as a horrible vision.
manes refers to the apparition of a departed spirit as a positve good spirit.
lemures refers to an apparition as that of a hobgoblin....]GIRL[r old.
puella is a young woman, whether married or not.
virago is a virile, strong, heroic young woman....]GIVE[ntended to give pleasure to the beneficiary.
munus refers to a present given to the beneficiary in recognition of his services, and something that the beneficiary clearly deserves.
largitio is a display of generosity through gifts motivated by self-interest and a desire to build up a network of loyalties.
donarium refers specifically to a propitiary gift to a temple.
donativum refers even more specifically to the customary gifts by a new emperor to the soldiers that owe loyalty to him.
liberalitas refers specifically to a gratuitous gift by an emperor to a poor nobleman in recognition of support offered....]GO ASTRAY[one has gone astray.
vagari is to wander about aimlessly as a deliberate form of entertainment or a chosen way of life.
palari refers to the act of separating oneself from one's company and going one's own way....]GOOD[heart as an ordinary virtue shared by decent persons.
bene moratus is a person who has cultivated features such as lack of selfishness, self-control and conscientiousness.
probus refers to uprightness, justness, moral worthiness.
honestus refers to a higher level of honourable and chivalrous spirit and demeanour.
sanctus refers to a saintly holy spirit based on religious piety.
HUMANENESS
humanitas is a virtue of universal extent, which, like the mental cultivation, proceeding from intelligence, ennobles the who man in mind and heart, and gives to his nature mildness and philanthropy, as a principle.
comitas refers to a moral virtue, which, like affability, without respect to higher rank in society, treats every person with proper attention and respect.
facilitas refers to a social virtue, which, like complaisance, by forbearance and meeting the views of others, facilitates mutual intercourse in life, and makes social interaction pleasant.
civiliatas refers to political virtue which, like the rpublican feeling of a prince, makes the spi8cific difference between a ruler and his people unfelt, and treats his subject s as fellow citizens.
humanitus refers to action as being "merely human" and not possessed of divine authority.
humane and humaniter refer to a person's cultivated sensibility for what deserves respect in humans....]GRADUALLY[velopment under the image of an imperceptible progress.
paulatim refers to such motion or development as happening little by little.
gradatim refers to such development as the result of deliberate slow progress....]GRASS[ng full of grass.
herbosus refers to a place that is not only full of grass, but especially productive of it.
herbeus refers to something being rather grass-like or green like grass.
herbarius refers to something being connected with grass or concerned with grass....]GREET[one or taking leave of someone.
salve is used at meeting only.
vale is uised at parting only....]GRIEF[eferring to the sentiments of grief as deeply felt.
tristitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of grief in one's daily behaviour or comportment, including typically one's facial expression and bodily comportment, a morose - sometimes purly intellectual - gloominess of temporary disposition that does not necessarily invite sympathy.
moestitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of lasting an highly emotional grief. The word is close in meaning to tristitia, but possibly stonger, and the word describes a state which clearly invites sympathy in those who witness it.
moeror refers to the lively expression of dolor.
luctus is the conventional and typically ritualised public expression of grief....]GUARD[ace and guards of honour.
stationes refers to guards at main gates of cities.
vigiliae refers to guards who walk the streets at night to ensure safety....]GUEST[ as visiting a friend.
adventor refers to any person who is putting up at his host's.
diversor is a guest or a lodger in an inn....]GUILT[ho as a rational being is responsible fro an offense of any kind.
noxia is the state of one who has caused an offense for which he is not necessarily criminally responsible.
vitium refers to an action or even a qujality in aperson which is taken to deserve censure, and the word may even refer to an undeserved defect.
GUILTY
nocens indicates plain guilt without any judgment on character.
noxius and the poetic nocuus refer to the personal character of someone who is prone to incur guilt....]HAIR[ on the head or body of an animal.
capillus refers specifically to hair on the head.
coma refers especially to beautifully done-up hair of women.
caesaries refers to the properly done-up hair of males.
pilus is a count noun, as opposed to all the others which are mass nouns, and the word typically refers to short hair or bristles, particularly on animals.
cirrus is naturally curly hair.
cincinnus is artificially curly hair. [CH]...]HAND UP[g to a central authority, typically as an offering.
comportare denotes the carrying of something by one authority to a higher authority.
OFFER
praebere denotes a voluntary act of the giver by which a want or wish of the receiver is satisfied, and in particular the thing given was in the possession of the giver.
exhibere can refer to a voluntary act of delivering something to someone who is thought to have the best claim to what he is given.
praestare denotes an involuntary act of the giver who only fulfills a duty, as the English "discharge".
suppeditare is the habitual and abundant giving wherever it is necessary....]HAPPEN[o an unexpected or fortuitous event or happening of something.
evenire refers to an expected outcome, or to a coming to pass of something that was hoped for.
cadere refers to an outcome of a process that could have turned out otherwise.
contingere refers to a fortunate event, or to an event that was right and proper given the circumstances....]HAPPY[osper refers to happiness insofar as it connotes the fulfilment of desires and hopes.
faustus refers to happiness conceived as a result of divine favour.
fortunatus refers to happiness as a result of good luck.
beatus refers to happiness as a supreme state of superior awareness of deep fulfilment of one's aspirations....]HARDLY[not take place or almost does not apply.
aegre refers to something occurring with much ado and indicates anxiety concerning the success or otherwise of what is done....]HATE[ething positive and deep-rooted.
invidia refers to the feeling of hatred as a negative character, like disaffection, and as a temporary emotional disposition.
inimicitia denotes any external and overt enmity which has its foundation in antipathy or disagreement.
simultas refers to an exterior state characterised by hatred, political enmity which has its foundation in rivalry....]HEALTHY[l.
sanus refers to good health.
saluber refers to what tends to be healthy, or to what brings health....]HEAR[n of sounds.
auscultare involves the wish to hear and denotes and act of listening....]HEAVY[ is also used figuratively for something intense or burdensome.
onerosus "burdensome" is more abstract and refers to anything that is literally or figuratively hard to bear.
onerarius refers to anything that is designed for a heavy load, like a ship or carriage....]HELMET[is the helmet made of skin, preferably made of weasel skin.
cudo is a helmet of any form or shape....]HELP[cue of an ally in straits.
opem ferre is to help someone as a resourceful benefactor.
iuvare presupposes a person trying to do something and refers to the act of helping him to do so.
adiuvare is to help someone who is trying to do something....]HERBS[ a stem.
faenum refers to typically dried grass as fodder....]HERD[rger cattle.
grex refers to a herd or flock of the smaller animals, typically sheep....]HESITATE[ which makes room for due reflection.
haesitare refers to failure to act because of a lack of personal resolution.
cessare refers to failure to continue an action because of lack of physical strength....]HIGH[sed to breadth
editurs "elevated" refers to high elevation as opposed to levelledness.
procerus "tall" refers to height or length as a result of growth.
arduus refers to height as associated with steepness and difficulty of access.
altitudo refers abstractly to height as such.
editum "something high" refers to height as associated with bulk"
proceritas "abundant height" refers to natural height associated with natural bulk and luxurious growth....]HOLIDAY[hey are solemn or regularly recurrent institutions.
feriae refers to days of rest and recreation as such, without focus on festivities.
festa refers simply to days of feasting and rejoicing....]HORSE[llus refers to any horse used for ordinary work.
mannus refers to a pony or small horse kept for entertainment.
canterius refers to a gelding....]HOT[efers to considerable heat, typically close to boiling point.
aestuare refers to subjective feelings of heat....]HOTEL[e may spend the night on one's travels, and this may be owned by anyone, including even onself.
hospitium refers to an inn for the reception of travellers or strangers.
caupona refers to a tavern for drinking kept by an inn-keeper in which one can also put up for the night.
taberna refers to a restaurant for ordinary people.
popina refers to a restaurant for gentlefolks or gourmands.
ganea refers to a drinking place, resort for undesirable characters....]HUMAN[ women, one of the human kind.
mas refers to a male in a physical sense, as opposed to femina.
vi4r typically refers to a man as endowed with male psychological as well as physical characteristics.
homunculus refers generically to man as a weak and powerless being, especially vis-a-vis the gods.
homuncio and homullus refers individually to an insignificant or weak person....]HUNGRY[esuries refers to hunger because of an empty stomach.
inedia refers generally to a refusal to eat....]HURRY[ertain aim.
festinare is to be in an undue hurry to get somewhere, typically from impatience....]ILLNESS[or physical state of ill health.
aegrotus indicates physical bad health in humans.
morbidus indicates physical bad health primarily in animals.
morbus views sickness as an external factor or phenomenon.
valetudo as a (typically subjective) state of health of a person.
invaletudo refers to a slight indisposition....]IMITATE[omething that is like something else or to act like someone else, and the term is general positive in connotation. This imitation may or may not turn out successful.
aemulari refers to imitation as an effort to gain equal or superior consideration, honour, or approbation, when compared with what is being imitated; and the term is often pejorative.
simulari refers to an effort to pass for something which one actually and naturally is not nor ever can be....]IN VAIN[ in the sense that the agent's purposes were frustrated.
nequidquam refers to something being to no purpose and coming to nothing.
incassum refers to something coming to nothing because of a fault on the part of the agent....]INFINITE[meaning "innumerable".
innumerus is a poetic choice word referring to something being beyond counting....]INHERIT[herits from someone else.
patrimonium refers specifically to something which one inherits from one's parents....]INJURE[ind inflicted on anything whatever.
violare refers in a transferred sense to an injury to a person's rights, when a person has a claim to protection.
offendere refers to an injury to a person's feelings, typically by an affront....]INJURY[ or another kind of cutting instrument.
plaga refers to a wound caused by any instrument carried with an intention to injure.
ulcus refers to any open or sore place in the body insofar as this has started to fester.
cicatrix refers to the scar that is lefter after a wound is healed....]INNARDS[ refers to the upper innards such as heart and lungs.
intestina refer to the lower entrails.
interanea refers to the guts.
ilia refers generally to edible innards....]INTELLIGENT[rate practical views and skills.
scitus refers to someone who has tact, mother-wit, and common sense.
solers refers to someone who posesses practical genius and inventive power.
cordatus refers to someone who has commendable basic moral orientations....]INTEND[wards the realisation of one's wish.
optare is to wish and leave the realisation of one's wish to others, or to fate.
expetere is to wish and to apply to others for the realisation of one's wishes....]INTENSELY[eans "to an extraordinary degree".
admodum means "tolerably much".
multum means "considerably".
magnopere means "quite a lot"...]INTERRUPT[en a well-meaning interruption.
interruptio refers to a violent or at least abrupt interruption.
interpellatio refers to interruption by speech only whereby a speaker is prevented from going on speaking.
interlocutio refers to an act of speaking while someone else is already speaking without stopping the other person from speaking at the same time....]KILL[ for putting some living being to death for any reason and under any circumstances.
perimere is an old-fashioned precious word synonymous otherwise with interficere.
interimere refers to murder in private contexts to remove someone.
necare refers to killing someone cruelly as an unjust act of murder.
occidere refers to killing by cutting someone down, especially by a soldier in open battle.
iugulare refers to killing by cutting the throat or neck, or by a skilfuly-direct4ed thrust to the collar-bone, which is especially the biusiness of the bandit.
obtruncare refers to the reckless butchering and cutting into pieces.
trucidare refers to slaughtering a living being as one might a cow.
percutere refers to taking someone's life as a mere mechanical act in the manner of an executioner of a death sentence....]KING[to take actions, as holder of the highest civil power.
imperator refers to the leader as holder of the highest military authority.
Caesar refers to the Roman emperor....]KISS[efers to a tender kiss.
basium refers to an ardent kiss....]KNIFE[military weapon.
sica refers to the dagger secretly hidden under the cloak of a robber or thief....]KNOW[ough which one acquires knowledge.
nosse and notitia refer to the merely receptive state of the mind which is informed of something.
scire and scientia refer to a more active and creative state of successful cognition coupled with an element of coherent understanding, and such scientia is not normally acquired by chance....]LABOUR[ngth and causes weariness.
molestia refers to the trouble which, by its greatness or unseasonableness discomforts and dispirits.
aerumna refers to the hardship tht almost exceeds human strength and bows down even the hero....]LACK[notes pure absence.
deesse "be missing" refers to the absence of something that should be there, rather like 闕.
The difference between inchoative deficere "come to be short of" and deesse "be short of" has no corresponding pair in CC.
LACK
carere refers to the lack of a desirable possession.
egere refers to the objective lack of an indispensable possession.
indigere refers to the subjective lack of an indispensable possession....]LACK (p.1)[nce as a local relation, to be away from a place;
but d e e s s e denotes an absence by which a thing is rendered incomplete, and means to fail, to be wanting,
in opp. to esse and superesse. Cic. Brut. 80. Calidio
hoc unum, si nihil utilitatis habebat, abfuit, si opus
erat, Defait. 2. Deesse denotes a completed (i.e.
already existing), deficere, a commencing state.
Cic. Verr. i. 11. Vererer no oratio deesset, ne vox
viresque deficerent. (v. 339.)...]LAKE[nerally to any standing water, from a sea to a mere pool.
lacus refers to a collection of standing water kept sound and fresh by it own spring or by ebbing and flowing which is large enugh to bring to mind the image of the open sea.
stagnum is a very small lake or pool.
palus is a stagnant, foul collection of water, typically in a marsh or any landscape covered with a surface of foul water.
uligo refers to a bog or moor in which a person might sink down and drown....]LAMB[cus is an old full-grown he-goat.
haedus is a goat kid....]LANCE[on used in fighting at a distance, to spears and arrows and the like.
hasta is a genuinely Roman weaping for thrusting and hurling.
lancea is a non-Roman weapon for thrusting and hurling.
jaculum the most general word for any weapon that one throws, and the word also includes weapons used in hunting.
verulum and tragulum refer specifically to military weapons for hurling.
pilum refers specifically to the peculiar weapon for hurling used by the Roman legion....]LANGUAGE[ most uncultivated barbarian people, in as far as they pssess proper words to express their notions. Like the tongue, lingua is something one is taken to have, naturally, and the owrd refers to t mere gift of speech.
sermo refers to the speech of a cultivated people, insofar as it is adapted for the expression of complex civilised thought. Sermo is more elaorate and refers to a voluntary activity involving rules of grammar as well as of style....]LAP[lly as a place where one seeks protection or solace.
sinus refers to the bosom, all within the compass of breast and arms, and the word is also used in transferred senses "a bay" as well as figuratively "the heart/bosom" as the seat of feelings....]LAST[ a space.
ultimus refers to the outermost part of what is typically represented in the form of a line.
postremus refers to the last in an abstract sequence or row that is completed.
novissimus refers to the most recent one in an uncompleted sequence in time....]LAUGH[joyful and temperate audible laugh.
cachinari refers to an unrestrained and resounding fit of laughter.
subridere refers to only a visible slight smile.
renidere refers to the expression of a friendly, but sometimes also of dissembling humour through a smile....]LAWYER[y offers his services as a friend and assistant.
causidicus refers to a professional lawyer hired to assist one in a court case....]LAZY[s readiness to work hard, as a general temperament.
inertia refers to laziness as a failure to engage in the activities naturally required of a decent person.
segnitia refers to an easy temperament which is not inclined towards any initiative to action.
desidia is the reprehensible tendency to refuse to do what one expects others to do for one.
socordia is the failure to be susceptible of lively interest and the phlegmatic thoughtless neglect of duties.
pigritia consists in a quite general antipathy to all motion of mind or body, utter slothfulness....]LEAN ON[ainst something in order to insure that one does not fall.
niti refers to the leaning on something in order to climb high up or in order to move along....]LEISURE[ari is to be at leaisure and not at work.
feriari is to enjoy a holiday.
cessare is to make a half-holiday and enjoy a short break in work.
nihil agere is to do nothing in particular....]LEND OUT[giving something to someone on the understanding that it will be given back after use. Commodatio is thus a friendship transaction.
mutuum dare refers to the conventional act of giving something to someone on the understanding that the equivalent of it will be given back at a certain time. Mutuum datio is a matter of business....]LEWD[an chaste.
incestus refers specifically to a person involved in incestuous sexual relations.
LASCIVIOUS
lascivus refers to someone who sins against modestia through unrestrained frolicksomeness and inclination for play.
petulans refers to someone who does so through wantonness, raillery, and needless attack.
procax refers to someone who does so through importunity and boisterous forwardness.
protervus refers to someone who does so through from impetuosity and haughty recklessness.
petulatnia has its foundation in aversion to rest and quietness, or in the love of mischief.
procacitas, in assurance or complete impudence.
protervitas, in a feeling of strength, or in insolence.
lascivia, in high spirits, or the want of seriousness....]LIE DOWN[ding up but lying down, typically in order to recuperate his strength.
situm esse refers to inanimate objects lying in a position with no special reference to whether they lie flat rather than standing upright.
jacere refers to the jacent position of animate or inanimate things....]LIGHT[ to the streaming light as such....]LIGHTNING[of lightning on the horizon in single flashes.
fulguratio refers to the continued shining of lightning, or the repeated flashes of lightning.
fulmen refers to the lightning that strikes the earth and might strike a person, like Greek keraunos....]LIKE[ers to any inclination in general.
proclivis tends to an inclination in a positive direction.
propensus refers to something bad....]LIMB[
artus refers properly only to the joint of a limb....]LIQUOR[.
temetum is an antiquated and poetical name for wine....]LISTEN[n of sounds.
auscultare involves the wish to hear and denotes and act of listening....]LIVE[rather than dead.
animans refers to a living being being animate rather than inanimate.
VITA
vita refers to the duration of life as such, and in particular the public life.
salus refers to the safety of life.
victus refers to the private life of a man....]LIVELY[ vigorous both in body and in mind, and in full strength.
vegetus referes to a person who is mentally alert and animated.
vividus refers to a person who, in a moral sense, is full of life and energy....]LONELY[ce, indifferently or with praise.
desertus refers to a place as uninhabited.
tescus refers to lonely places where an awful stillness reigns....]LOSE[so that it ceases to be in one's possession.
perdere is to lose something so that it ceases to exist whole, or to be useful.
CONTRAST:
jactura is to deliberately cause the loss of something or the throwing away of something....]LOVE[g from esteem.
amare refers to feelings of love arising from a subjective inclination that is typically involuntary and felt to be irresistible.
deamare refers to a desperate passion and enamoured rage.
amor refers to holding someone dear, typically in a passionate way, prototypically as lovers do each other.
caritas refers to holding something dear in a caring way, as parents do children.
pietas refers to ritually prescribed respectful loving care as demanded by gods or the holy ties of nature....]LOW[lowest in position.
infimus refers to what is the very lowest thing or indeed underneath something else....]MAD[ of important mental functions.\
dementia is madness in the form of active and energetic deviation.
insanus refers to madness as state where one is deprived of good mental health.
vesanus refers to madness as a depraved state of deluded deviation.
excors refers to mental debilitation.
vecors refers to obsessive mental perversion.
furor refers to maniacal madness.
rabies refers to babbling debilitated madness....]MARRY[ewteen males and females that also occurs among non-humans.
contubernium refers to marital arrangements between slaves.
matrimonium refers to marital arrangements between free citizens.
nuptiae refers to the entering into marital arrangements between free citizens....]MASK[k.
persona refers to an ingeniously formed characteristic mask....]MEAL[ a meal of any kind.
convivium refers to a social convivial meal.
dapes refers to a religious meal as part of a religious service to the gods.
epulum is a formal dinner party, prototypically in honour of someone, on a large scale, and with the presence of notables.
commissatio refers to a lavish meal involving many courses of delicacies....]MEAN[name which he already possesses.
nuncupare refers to giving a name to an object that was hitherto without a name.
appellare means to refer to someone by any name, title, or appellation belonging to him....]MEANWHILE[usiness of some duration which takes place in a space of time, as "in the meantime"
interim refers to a momentary busines going on in the midst of some other activity....]MEASURE[patial object in order to know its size.
metari is to mark the boundaries of the space that has been measured so that these may be known to others....]MEET[nguished persons of any kind at which decisions are to be made.
concio refers to any orderly meeting of any community, military of civil.
comitia refers to the specific Roman institution of the people's meeting.
coetus refers to any assembly for merely social purposes, or e.g. in order to discuss a conspiracy.
conventus refers to the orderly and ritually prescribed gathering of a group on festive occasions or ritual occasions....]METHOD[cipline pursued within a particual specialisation.
eruditio refers to the psychological and spiritual crowning result of the specialised study of doctrinae.
exercitatio refers to the professional facility and familiarity with a certain subject that is the result of study....]MIDDLE[mething in a purely local sense.
mediocris denotes medium quality, with reference to worth....]MISTAKE[e.
menda refers to a natural fault, especially of the body, a blemish.
mendum refers to a fault committed, especially in writing, a blunder, or a mistake....]MODEL[g many possible examples, typically for its aptness.
exemplar refers to an exemplary typical example for a certain kind of phenomenon, a prototype....]MODERATION[ or to exaggerate anything.
modestia is the feeling of preference for modus.
moderatio is the habit of acting in conformity with this feeling of modestia. It refers to moderation as springing from the unerstanding, forom calculation and reflection. It presupposes a conflict between the passions and reason, in which reason comes off conqueror.
temperatio and temperantia are qualities of modestia and moderatio which pervade the whole person and ennoble his whole being, akin to sapientia.
continentia refers to command over one's sensual desires.
abstinentia refers to a sound command over one's desire for that which belongs to another, and firm integrity.
verecundia refers to moderation out of regard to a person one is afraid to displease.
vererentia is moderation out of deep respect for another person.
pudor can refer to moderation out of self-respect, an inability to do what shame does not permit one to do....]MOIST[sts entirely of water or other fluid particles.
humidum and humectum refers to the wetness which is caused by water soaking through something otherwise dry....]MONEY[s term.
nummus refers to an indiviual piece of money, in reference to its value.
moneta refers to a coin in reference to its coinage and appearance....]MOUNTAIN[urrounding plain.
clivus is a sloping plain forming a gentle elevation.
tumulus refers to a typically striking natural or artificial elevation.
grumus can only refer to an artificial elevation....]MOURNING[eferring to the sentiments of grief as deeply felt.
tristitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of grief in one's daily behaviour or comportment, including typically one's facial expression and bodily comportment, a morose - sometimes purly intellectual - gloominess of temporary disposition that does not necessarily invite sympathy.
moestitia refers to the natural and often involuntary manifestation of lasting an highly emotional grief. The word is close in meaning to tristitia, but possibly stonger, and the word describes a state which clearly invites sympathy in those who witness it.
moeror refers to the lively expression of dolor.
luctus is the conventional and typically ritualised public expression of grief....]MUD[ads.
limus refers to the mud of a river.
coenum refers to the mire of a moor or morass.
DIRT
sodes refers to dirtiness through indigence or niggardliness and vulgarity.
squalor refers to dirtiness, and unkemptness, through want of civilised habits and of delicacy in the senses.
paedor refers to dirtiness through neglect of the person.
situs is dirtiness as a conseuqence of long disuse, for example thorough mould, rust etc....]MURDER[ally to someone who committed murder.
interfector refers to someone who has taken someone elses life in any way, legal or illegal.
peremptor ditto
intermptor ditto.
percussor refers to someone who takes another's life by executing a public sentence of condemnation.
sicarius refers to a hired assassin who commits a concealed murder, like the bandit....]MUTUAL[city.
invicem refers to mutual acting and suffering between two persons or things with reference to reciprocal ations
mutuo refers to mutuality between two persons or things with reference to reciprocal states....]NARROW[ed.
arctus refers to something that is bounded and enclosed by fences, walls or the like....]NEIGHBOUR[his home being next to one's own.
finitimi refers to neighbours who life not far from one's abode, and the relationship so denoted is one-sided.
confines are in a mutual relationship, as opposite neighbours who have boundaries in common, with the morel nuance of friendship associated with neighbourhood....]NET[r hunting or fishing.
cassis is a hunting net for catching smaller wild animals.
plaga refers to stronger nets designed to catch larger animals by entangling them....]NEW[ which did not exist in former times.
recens refers to anything that is new, as that which has not long been in existence.
novicius refers to someone who is new to something, as a novice who must accustom himself before he is qualified for something....]NIPPLE[ to their spherical shape, and without distinction of the sexes.
mamilla refers to the nipple with reference to their adaptation for sucking, and therefore belonging only to the female sex....]NOBLE[tinction that sheds lustre.
instructus refers to the kind of distinction which is based on qualifications and usefulness.
exstructus ditto.
ornatus refers both to glamorous distinction and to distinction based on usefulness....]NOON[ which sparates the forenoon from the afternoon.
medius dies refers to the middle of the day, as a space of time which lies between the morning and the evening....]NOSE[prominent part of the face.
nares refers to the interior of the nose as the organ of smell....]NOW (p.111)[in the immediate future.
protinus refers to an action performed without intervening other irrelant actions.
actutum refers to doing something without making someone wait for the action.
confestim refers to an action performed without undue delay and in a great hurry.
continuo refers to an action being performed typically immediate after a request for it to be performed, without delay....]OATH[a person confirms or promises something.
sacramentum refers to a military oath by which the soldier solemnly pledges and binds himself not to forsake his standard....]OBEY[ an obligation and a state of duty and subject as that of a servant to his mast4er, a subject to his sovereign.
obedire/oboedire is the obedience of an inferior to his superior, of a citizen to the law or to a magistrate.
obsequi refers to obedience as the act of a free will.
sosecundare ditto
obtemperare ditto.
morigerari ditto....]OBTAIN[ithout trouble, sometimes even against one's wish, to light upon.
adipisci is to reach or obtain something by considerable exertion, as an achievement.
consequi refers to the getting or reaching something as the object of one's wish, with or without o氟side assistance.
assequi refers to reaching or getting something as the object of one's endeavours, by means of considerable exertion....]ODOUR[a thing has in itself.
olfactus refers to the subjective sensation caused by an objective smell.
olor refers to a stench.
ODOUR
sapor refers objectively to the flavour which a thing has or oozes out.
gustus or gustatus refers subjectively to the sensation occasioned by such an objective sapor or flavour....]OFTEN[an once, several times.
crebro refers to something occurring often and in quick succession.
frequenter refers to something occurring quite often and not at all rarely....]OLD[ past and not modern, often what is classical.
priscus refers to what is of the ancient past and therefore deserving special attention.
pristinus refers to what is of the past and not of the present.
vetus refers to what is ancient or old and considered as no longer current and relevant or in its prime, but the word can occasionally be used in positive senses.
veternus is unambiguously negative in connotation, referring to what is old and therefore decrepit.
vetustus refers to what is ancient and therefore venerable.
OLD
vetus refers to an old man, from the fiftieth year of his life.
senex refers to an old man from his sixtieth year, with the accessory notion of his being worthy of respect.
grandaevus and longaevus denote a very aged man who has already exceeded the usual duration of life and who is usually more than eighty years old....]OLD LADY[ld lady which can express respect but can also be used as a term of abuse connoting ignorance and credulity.
vetula is a derogatory term referring to an old lady....]OMEN[aning for those only who are skilful in the interpretation of signs.
auspicia are natural events which can be interpreted by specialists whose official duty it is to intepret such signs.
prodigia, ostentum, portenta and monstra are appearances out of the ordinary course the ordinary course of nature, which sgtrike the common people and only receive a more exact interpretation from the specialist.
prodigium refers to an appearance which is replete with meaning and pregnant with consequences.
monstrum refers to a sign which is striking through its ugliness and/or unnatural.
ostentum is a sign which excites wonder by its overwhelming size or scale.
omina are signs which any person to whom they occur can interpret for himjself without assistance....]OPEN[nd then also figuratively to make visible.
patefacere is to open what is closed towards the sides and to give sideways access to.
reserare is to open something that is conceived of as barred.
recludere is to open something that is conceived as locked up with a lock....]OPPONENT[ has amibitions to supass his superior.
certator and concertator refer to someone who is on a par with the person he or she competes with.
rivalitas refers to the constellation where there is competition for public estimation....]OPPORTUNITY[undertake something in a general sense.
opportunitas refers to the opportunity to undertake something with facility and the probability of success.
potestas denotes the opportunity offered by someone which enables one to do something with legal authority.
copia refers to the possibility of doing something with conviencience.
facultas refers quite generally to the possibility for someone to undertake any sort of action....]OTHER[
reliqui refers to the others as the remainder of a whole, or the rest....]OUTSIDE[oundary with emphasis on the relative distance of what lies on the other side.
trans refers to the others side of something.
uls is antiquated for trans....]OVINE[cus is an old full-grown he-goat.
haedus is a goat kid....]PAIN[ter whether of natural or artificial origin.
tormentum refers to pangs of pain which are the result of tormenting action....]PARDON[gnanimity of a private individual who does not take vengeance for a mortification suffered.
clementia refers to the mercifulness and humanity or a ruler or a person in authority who does not inflict upon a malefactor the punishment which by right or by law he deserves....]PART[ole.
portio refers to a part or share with reference to a possessor....]PAST[ long ago.
diu refers to a space of time manyt days, months or years ago.
dudum refers to a space of time several minutes or hours since....]PEACE[ kind of peace that is free even of problems.
pax is the general word for peace.
concordia refers to peace with special reference to harmonious internal relations....]PEACEFUL[ kind of peace that is free even of problems.
pax is the general word for peace.
concordia refers to peace with special reference to harmonious internal relations.
CALM
quies refers to absolute rest as opposed to any kind of activity, and this word refers to rest in itself.
requies refers to rest after activity and exertion.
tranquillitas refers to quietness and calmness in action as opposed to passionate or mindless activity....]PEOPLE[mmon ancestry and a common adherence to a certain nation or tribe, and refers to all persons of the same descent, not necessarily living in the same area or settlement.
natio refers to a group of people with a common ancestry and a common adherence to a certain nation or tribe, and belonging to one and the same settlement of people.
civitas refers to the citizenry of an organised polity, irrespective of their origins.
populus refers quite generally to the population of a certain place....]PERMIT[een asked for.
permittere is to permit something or to grant a licence to do something, typically because of a special confidence one has in the licencee and without the licencee necessarily having asked to be granted the relevant licence.
indulgere refers to the granting of a licence that ought not to have been given, from evident forbearance.
connivere refers to the granting of a licence that ought not to have been given from pretended oversight.
PERMISSIBLE
concessum est refers to anything that is generally allowed.
licitum est, licet refer to something explicitly allowed or sanctioned by custom.
fas est refers to what is allowed by divine law....]PEST[ding from an impure morbid matter.
contagium focusses on the contagious nature of a pest.
pestilentia focusses on the endemic natgure of a pest.
pestis is a poetic word for a pest....]PHYSICIANPICK UP[der to use it.
capere refers to laying hold of a thing in order to possess it.
prehendere refers to laying hold on anything in a mere physical sense.
excipere is to intercept or catch anything that is escaping.
recipere is to take anthing that wants protection, with a nuance of generosity.
suscipere refers to taking something as burden, with a nuance of self-denial....]PICTURE[thing which is related to the original as to a pattern, by a striking likeness of form, often specifically of the face.
simulacrum is opposed to the original, as a real being, by a deceptive imitation of its form, and the word refers in particular to statues of gods....]PIG[rd is typically associated with filthiness.
verres is a boar-pig.
scrofa is a sow kept for breeding.
porcus is a young pig, typically prized for its fatness....]PILLOW[ is a soft elastic pillow....]PLACE[n, a single point in space.
tractus refers to a an extended tract of land, conceived particularly as reaching from one place to another.
regio refers to a plot of land, conceived particularly as forming a circle-like bounded region.
plaga refers to a space principally as a surface....]PLAY[n objective sense, inasmuch as it serves entertainment and recreation versus exertion.
lusus refers (often negatively) to play in a subjective sense, inasmuch as a person carries on with it or even produces it himself, the the nuance is often of childish pointless pasttime.
iocus refers to mere playing with words and joking....]POET[ artist.
vates is an archaic word for the poet as a seer....]POISON[ natural history, without accessory nuances.
venenum refers to poison as an ariticial substance, typically of a misleadingly sweet or tempting flavour.
virus refers to poison as a noxious and distasteful juice or drink....]POOR[ess of means, in conseuqence of which one must economize.
inopia refers to galling poverty, in consequence of which one suffers want, for objective reasons so that one cannot help onself.
egetas refers to penury subjectively, when a person feels want.
mendicitas refers to absolute poverty in consequence of which one must beg or might have to beg....]POWER[things which can be exerted at will.
potentatus refers to the external rank of the ruler which enables him to do certain things.
potestas refers to a just and lawful power which is invested in someone....]PREGNANT[
praegnans refers to high pregnancy close to birth.
PREGNANT
praegnans refers to pregnancy quite generally.
gravidus refers to pregnancy only of human beings.
foetus refers to pregnancy in animals generally.
fordus refers to pregnancy of cows.
inciens refers to pregnancy of small animals, particulalry of swine....]PRISON[ing where prisoners are kept.
carcer is the part of the prison in which proper citizens were kept.
ergastulum is the technical term for the penitentiary institutions for slaves....]PROMISE[from a free impulse, and as an act of obliging courtesy.
promittere refers to a promise generally made at the request of another, as an act of agreement.
spondere refers to a solemn promise, as the consequence of a stipulation with judicially binding strength, "to pledge".
recipere refers to taking upon oneself and pass one's word of honour, as an act of generosity, inasmuch as one sets at ease the mind of a person in trouble....]PROUD[eath oneslef and inferior in their endowments.
arrogantia is pride which makes others feel their inferiority.
fastus "presumptuous" refers to a person who finds it below his dignity to associate with others through an overestimation of his own worth.
insolentia refers to crude and rude displays of arrogance....]PUBLIC[ to observation rather than in some way hidden.
palam is something that is public rather than private.
propalam is something that positively courts public observation....]PUDDLE[ muddy quagmire in woods etc....]PUNISH[he law.
mulcta is compensation for injury done, according to the law.
castigatio is chastisement which may serve to improve the individual, especially a rebuke....]PURE[eral.
merus refers to purity as the quality of anything unmixed, either with praise or neutrally.
meracus refers specifically to unmixed wine, and, figuratively and negatively, to anything that should be mixed but is unmixed.
putus or purus ac putus is the technical term for the purity of gold....]QUARREL[agreement which is cultivated for the purpose of finding the truth.
controversia refers to a reasoned disagreement where the parties place themselves on different sides of an issue for the purpose of discussion.
litigatio refers to a peaceful disagreement at the bottom of which there typically lies a deep conflict of interests.
contentio refers to an empassioned conflict of opinion where one party at least is using all means available to carry the day.
altercatio refers to an impassioned conflict of opinion where both sides insist on keeping the last word.
iurgium refers to an ill-tempered and impassioned conflict of opinion which finds lively expression in swearing and abuse as an expression of acute anger....]QUICK[celer refers to eager and swift intense movement.
rapidus refers to movement which is very eager to be as fast as possible.
NIMBLE
velocitas refers to nimble dexterity in linear movement like running, swimming etc.
pernicitas refers to swiftness of movement in hopping, vauling, climbing etc....]RAIN[l phenomenon.
imber refers to rain as an unpleasant pheonomenon insofar as rain is attended by cold and stormy weather.
nimbus refers to rain as unpleasant, insofar as it is attended with unpleasant cloudy weather....]REAR[to development and growth.
nutrire refers to nourishment as a necessity for survival only.
nutrire refers generally to the providing of sustenance to humans and non-humans.
nutricare refers specifically to the providing of sustenance to animals....]RECENT[ months ago, sometime even years.
modo refers to a period a fews moments since "just now"....]REFUTE[ns and the word refers specifically to a defensive act of refutation of arguments directed against him.
confutare refers to an offensive act of refutation in exposing the nullity of an opponent's arguments....]RELATIVES[e is bound by a permanent connection whether of an official kind, or a private nature.
propinquus refers to anyone to whom one is bound by a family connection, a relative.
affinis refers to someone to whom one is related by marriage.
cognatus and consanguineus refer to anyone to whom one is related by blood.
cognatio is the the relationship by blood existing among members of the same family
consanguinitas refers to the relationship of nations by derivation from a common origin....]REMAIN[er than going away.
morari refers to tarrying, as an interruption of real or possible motion.
DETAIN
morari can refer to prevailing upon someone to stay of his own free will by proposing conditions.
tardare refers to rpeventing a person's hastening on his way by making difficulties for him.
detinere refers to hindering someone from going forward by force....]REMEMBER[te of mind, insofar as one hs retained something in memory, without ever having forgotten it.
reminisci refers to the momentary recollection of something which one was not aware of before.
recordari refers to the lasting recollection of something which one was not aware of before.
Doederlein has much detail on this....]REQUEST[erance of a wish, and this request is directed to a person of similar status to the speaker.
orare refers to a quiet utterance of a wish directed at a superior.
obsecrare refers to an urgent and passionate request.
obtestari refers to an urgent and passionate request to a superior in a suppliant manner.
precari refers to a request to heaven, typically with raised hands.
supplicare refers to a passionate act of supplication in which one throws oneself on one's knees, or on the ground, and tyically wrings one's hands, but by extension the word also refers to any exceedingly polite and humble request, especially in polite discourse....]RESEMBLE["in the same manner"
par is alike.
paralis is almost alike.
similis is just similar.
par is alike and construes similarity from one angle only, from the angle of one of the things compared.
compar is mutually alike....]RESTRAIN[
compescere refers to restraining or constraining duly, as by dint of one's moral or political authority....]RETURN[ inchoative act of turning back to where one came from.
revenire refers to a temporary or momentary resultative act of returning to where one belongs.
redire refers to a more lasting action with an intended more or less permanent result which lies between turning back and the effective return....]REVENGE[ing.
ultio is revenge as an agt of anger.
talio is an act of retaliation....]REVOLT[rder.
tumultus refers to a more large-scale disturbance of the public peace.
seditio refers to a political commotion when concord is first disturbed, and the parties contend with words only.
secessio refers to a political commotion when the prospec t of reconciliation is already given up, and the parties either stand opposed to each other, ready to come to clows, or have broken off all connection with each other....]RICH[g to material wealth.
gazae is a somewhat more concrete term referring to the things constituting one's material wealth, the treasures that form the material base of wealth.
opes refers to resources of wealth in so far as these enable one to attain further or higher aims than those of wealth as such.
dives refers to a person who is rich rather than poor.
locuples refers to a person who is comfortably well off rather than needy.
opulentus refers to a person whe is extremely or notoriously well off rather than merely comfortable....]RITUAL[e of a standard of behaviour by an individual or by a group.
mos refers to reasoned observance of a standard on moral and traditional grounds.
ritus refers to the hallowed of something as ordained by the gods or other supernatural powers as obligatory ceremony, and the term typically has religious connotations.
caerimonia refers to what is habitually observed as a standard of ritual practice in serving the gods....]RIVER[ size.
flumen refers to an ordinary stream of any size.
amnis refers to a great and mighty river....]ROOM[ room, in particular for rooms of state.
cubiculum is the specific word for a dwelling room, a sitting room or any other room designed for human habitation....]ROPE[lling a carriage or the like.
restis refers to a thinner rope used for hanging things up or tying them up....]RULER[s in a state as a class of the most influential and respectable citizens, especially insofar as they are so by their connections, birth, power etc.
principes refers to the leading personalities insofar as they have raised themselves by their intellect, talent etc.
proceres refers to the most eminent persons as naturally belonging to this class from birth.
optimates refers generally to the aristocracy....]RUMOUR[tain, often clandestine dissemination of hidden facts, and this is typically of interest only by its novelty, is an object of curiosity, and passes away with the generation in which it sprung up.
fama "information" is the open and public dissemination of some facts, and the fama is typically of interest through its importance, and will often be handed down to posterity as permanent knowledge....]SACRED[ as it belongs to the gods and is not profanus.
sanctus refers to what is sacred insofar as it is under the protection of the gods and thus guarded from profanation, and as a consequence, pure and spotless, not pollutus....]SAFE[s when someone is safe.
securus refers to safety subjectively, as when someone feels safe....]SALARY[by oneself.
emolumentum refers to gain falling to one's share without any exertion of one's own commensurate with that gain.
quaestus refers to the steadily continued gains of a regular occupation, like "earnings".
compendium refers typically to a single gain of a considerable amount, a sudden non-standard income....]SAND[ght soil.
harena refers to dry stony soil, as small or pounded pebbles.
saburra refers refers to sand or pebbles with special reference to its use as shipsand or ballast....]SATISFACTORY[ generally, of hunger etc.
saturare refers to the appeasing of an unntural craving, or of an over-eager longing, e.g. a voracious hunger etc..
SATISFIED
satis habere is consider something as enough and refers to a typically unempassioned judgment that one has no further claims or wishes in a certain situation.
contentum esse refers to the feeling of being satisfied and is typically a sign of moderation and self-control.
boni consulere refers to an act of the will by which a person resigns himself and acquiesces as becomes a man, to what is inevitable....]SAVOUR[akes on one's sense of taste.
gustatus refers to the sense of taste that a person has.
TASTE/GUSTATION
libare refers to tasting something by putting a very small part of it into one's mouth.
gustare refers to the consciousness of what one tastes....]SCHOOL[ school for boys where attendance is obligatory.
schola is a higher school for youths and men where attendance is voluntary....]SCOLD[ is injurious to another, whether to bring him ill luck by cursing, or discrace by verbal injuries.
probrum refers to an invective consisting of attacks and assertions wounding the honour of another.
convicium refers to verbal abuse consisting of single words and appellations wounding the honour of another....]SCULPTURE[of a whole figure, and this word refers to statues of persons rather than gods.
simulacrum can refer to the statue of a god.
effigies refers primarily to the plastic representation of the the bust....]SEA[quor denotes the sea with reference to its horizontal dimension, the surface of the sea.
pelagus refers to the sea with reference to its horizontal dimension and focussus on its vast extent.
pontusrefers to the sea with special reference to its perpendicular dimension, the depth of the sea....]SEAT[sitting.
sedile refers to artificially prepared seat in any form or shape.
sella refers specifically to an artificially prepared seat in the form of chair, or a throne.
scamnum "footstool" refers to a small stool to put one's feet on.
scabellum a small stool to sit on, of diminutive size....]SECRET[y secret and of which one typically stands in awe, and which should not therefore be openly divulged.
mysterium refers to elevated religious secrets that are not publicly divulged.
secretum is the ordinary general term referring to anything that is deliberately hidden away and made inaccessible to outsiders because of some fear.
SECRET
clam refers to the deliberate act of keeping abstract things hidden, as opposed to public, palam.
occulte is the deliberate act of keeping something hidden from physical view, as opposed to visibly, aperte....]SEE[.
cernere refers especially to clear visual perception.
spectare means quietly to fix the eye upon an object that intersts the understanding and to dwell upon it as upon a significant representation.
intueri refers to fisxing the eye upon something that strikes the fancy of sould, as "to contemplate".
conspicere refers to catching sight of an object.
adspicere means to look at, that is to case one's eye upon an object, whether consciously or not....]SEEK[t something and the attempt to get it.
scrutari refers to searching something hidden with evident interest and eagerness.
rimari refers to the searching for something hidden with evident exertion and skill on the part of the searcher.
investigare refers to the searching for something that is taken to be distant or remote.
indagere refers to the searching like that of the hound who, guided by instinct, follows the scent, and it is a success verb meaning, German: aufspren....]SEEM[ to force itself on the observer's attention...]SELL[cantile act.
venundare refers to having for sale and then selling something.
venditare refers to a general practice of selling a certain kind of thing.
mancipare denotes a juridicial act, in consequence of which a thing is alienated, with all that belongs to it, transferred to another....]SEND[ anything in any context.
legare refers especially to political acts of sending and delegating someone to do something.
amittere refers to losing or sending something away that was in one's possession, and against one's will.
dimittere refers to sending something or something away that was in one's vicinity, and intentionally....]SERIOUS[ an intellectual.
severus refers to gravity as a moral quality.
difficilis refers to someone who does not understand the art of relaxed interaction with other persons, and the word is a pejorative term.
morosus refers to someone who is scrupulous and wants everything to be done according to rule, for want of tolerance.
tetricus refers to a fastidious person who is stiff and constrained from pedantry....]SERVANT[and juridical sense, as in a state of subjugation.
famulus refers to slave in a patriarchal sense, as belonging to and being part of the family.
mancipium refers to the slave as a possession and as a marketable commodity.
serva refers to a femals slave, with special reference to her lgal condition.
ancilla refers to a female slave in ordinary life, as the feminie of servus.
satelles refesrs to an attendant or a hired servant.
stipator refers to a hired servant who serves as a guard.
verna refers to a home-born slave....]SEVERE[oids cutting jokes.
serius refers to what is not properly the subject of any loose joking.
austerus "austere" refers to what is harsh and unfeeling.
rigidus "rigid" refers to what is hard and inflexible.
rigor "inflexibility"....]SHADOW[to a pleasant and beneficial coolness.
umbrosus refers to a depth of shade approaching to darkness....]SHAME[s one of political honour, and this is independent of the reports circulated concerning a person, but is rather the consequence of an official denunciation presupposed to be justified.
infamia is the public shame which preprives one of moral honour and of one駒 good name, and this is based on public scorn which is construed as a consequence of shameless and dishoourable conduct.
dedecus refers to manifest public deviation from honourable conduct itself.
probrum refers to an isolated shameful act, typically a private act, by a person of whom unreproachable action is expected, and which deserves public reproach.
opprobrium refers to a probrum which has actually come to public attention and is the subject of reproach.
SHY
castus refers to chastity and purity as a natural quality of the soul.
pudicus refers to the habitual moral sentiment of not wanting to be exposed to the gaze of others.
pudens and pudor refer to the habitual sense of shame as inolving a sense of public honour resulting in a fear of exposure.
pudibundus refers to the acute sense of shame when excited....]SHAPE[ite outline.
forma refers to shape as a subjectively and aesthetically perceived external appearance that is indicative of something significant and internal that is thus manifested.
species refers to mere external shape as opposed to internal reality, and the notion does include surface features such as colour.
figurare refers to giving something an external shape of a definite kind, particularly a specific outline.
formare refers to giving something an external shape that adequately represents what is internal....]SHIELD[he whole body.
clypeus and parma refers to smaller round shields.
pelta refers to a small shield in the fomr of a half-moon
cetra refers to a small shield made of leather.
ombo refers to the boss of the shield....]SHINE[t, or dazzling fiery colour.
lucere rfers to a beneficial light or a soft fiery collour.
splendere refers to continuous brightness as a consequence of a clear and pure transparent light.
nitere refers to brightness as the consequence of humidity, oiling or washing which results in a glistening effect.
coruscare refers to a brief efflorescence as of a forked lightning.
micare refers to sparkling, like that of a metal mirror placed in the sun.
radiare refers to beaming light as that coming from the sun....]SHIP[ of any kind.
navis refers to an ordinary shp for distant voyages.
celox, lembus and liburna are boats which may be manned and armed for service in war.
scapha, cumba and and the long and narrow canoe-like linter are skiffs and wherries, intended merely for short distances or for crossing over....]SHORE[dary of a surface considered almost as a mere mathematical line.
ora denotes the brim or border, the artificial edging of a surface, generally for the sake of ornament and therefore necessarily including certain portion of the suface.
SHORE
ripa refers to the bank of a river
litus refers to the shore of the sea only as the line which separates the land from the sea.
ora refers to the shore of the sea as the space and the tract of land that borders on the sea, as the coast, in a purely geographical referce to the adjacent land.
acta refers to the coast with the accessory notion of being distinguishable by the sesnes, inasmuch as the coast affords striking views and a pleasant residence....]SHORT[nature.
curtus refers to something that is shortened or shorter than it should be by nature....]SHOULDER[rm in men; the fore-leg in beasts; the shoulder-blade, as part of the whole body.
humerus refers to the specifically to the human shoulder.
NB:
ala and axilla refer to the cavity which is under the upper arm, the arm-pit....]SHOUT[e sound of instruments.
clamare is the, possibly inarticulate, shouting by humans.
vociferari refers to shouting as a result of passions like anger, or acute states such as pain, also intoxication....]SHOW[ insofar as one makes something observable, lets it be seen and does not keep it secret.
monstrare refers to showing something insofar as one imparts inofrmation thereby.
declarare refers to making something inident and clear, thus dispelling doubt....]SHY[ural quality of the soul.
pudicus refers to the habitual moral sentiment of not wanting to be exposed to the gaze of others.
pudens and pudor refer to the habitual sense of shame as inolving a sense of public honour resulting in a fear of exposure.
pudibundus refers to the acute sense of shame when excited....]SIGH[d then forcible emission of it, as the immediate consequence of an afflictd heart.
gemere refers to a groan, and it is more of a voluntary act in order to give vent to the afflicted heart....]SILENCE[ noises.
tacere is to be silent as opposed to uttering words.
reticere refers to a person keeping something that might be said to himself.
obticere refers to keeping silent when asked to give an opinion, as opposed to answering.
TACITURN
taciturnus refers to keeping silent as a habitual practice.
tacens refers to any oneone who does not currently speak.
tacitus refers to someone who keeps quite when he might expected to speak....]SING[c.
cantare is to make vocal music.
psallere is to play string music, typically by plucking strings.
SONG
canticum is a song that is still in vogue.
cantilena is a song that used to be very popular but has lost the attractiveness of current vogue.
carmen is a natural song which is famous mostly for its words, may even be a poem that can only occasionally be sung.
poema is an ambitious poem which can be sung, but does not have to be....]SITUATION[place conceived as having been fundamentally affected by acts of the human will.
status refers to the state of affairs in a place as an autonomous phenomenon....]SKIN[he flex, as merely bare skin, particularly the bare rough skin of an animal.
cutis refers to the finer skin of human beings which protects the sensitive flesh.
pellis refers to the skin covered with bristly hair, as that of lions, goats, dogs.
vellus refers to the skin as covered with more woolly hair, as that of sheep....]SLEEP[ expression.
sopor refers to sleep as a select poetical expression.
SCHLAFEN(Georges):
dormire is the general verb.
dormitare is to be deep asleep.
cubare refers to lying down, typically resting or sleeping.
quiescere refers to resting, which may take the form of sleeping.
somnum capere refers to getting sleep one has been longing for.
dormitum, cubitum ire refers to going to bed.
somno se dare refers to fall asleep....]SLIM[ rich inner substance and full physical shape.
macer refers negatively to lack of full physical shape in animals.
tenuis refers positively to a lack of surplus fat, a sound commendable slender delicacy of form.
gracilis refers positively to tall slendernes, especially of animals....]SLOW[the great length of time spent.
lentus refers to time with reference to the quietness of motion itself....]SMALL[ntly and in an abstract sense, and as a natural and intrinsic smallness.
minutus refers to an artificial and fabricated littleness.
exiguus refers to smallness with a nuance of contemptuous insignificance, paltriness.
pusillus refers to smallness as something ludicrously little and petty....]SMOOTH[roughness and ruggedness, especially insofar as it gives a pleasant impression of elegance.
glaber refers to smoothness negatively as a deficiency in growth of hair....]SOMETIMES[posed to never and always.
interdum means "at times" as opposed to "often".
aliquando "now and then" is opposed to once....]SONG[c.
cantare is to make vocal music.
psallere is to play string music, typically by plucking strings.
SONG
canticum is a song that is still in vogue.
cantilena is a song that used to be very popular but has lost the attractiveness of current vogue.
carmen is a natural song which is famous mostly for its words, may even be a poem that can only occasionally be sung.
poema is an ambitious poem which can be sung, but does not have to be....]SOUL[, in men and in animals, which is conceived of as ceasing with thbreath.
animus refers to the principle of morla personality which is connected with the will, Greek thumos.
mens refers to that part of the animus which is constituted by the deliberative faculty, the intellect or the understanding....]SOUND[d.
strepitus refers to a loud roaring, bawling, shreaking sound.
sonitus refers to a ringing, clinking sound, as of bells.
crepitus refers to the frequent repetition of the same sound.
frangere refers to the breaking to pieces of what is hard....]SPEAK[of conveying information.
aio refers to a claim that is being made.
asseverare is to affirm emphatically, and with special reference to earnestness.
affirmare refers to the claim that something is solidly certain.
contendere refers to the making of a claim as diverging froma tradition or a common assumption.
loqui refers to the act of talking as an activity by a speaker, often with connotations of idle talk.
ENUNCIATE
enuntiare is to pronounce on something that has been on one's mind.
eloqui is to formulate something that has been one one's mind with some attention to form.
enuntiatio is a logical term.
elocutio is primarily a rhetorical term.
proloqui is to speak forth, as a moral act, as opposed to reticere "keep silent on a matter".
pronuntiare refers to the physical act of elocution of sounds or words.
recitare refers to the artistically modulated recitation of a whole sentence or text in public, with due attention being paid to the meaning of the text. See CHANT.
SPEECH
verbum refers to the word as part of a complete utterance.
vocabulum refers to the word as part of a complete vocabulary.
voces refers to words with special refernce to their sounds.
vox is an expression of feeling or passion, like "exclamation".
dictum is an expression of wit or intellect, a point made.
dicterium is a late elevated word for dictum.
TALK
garrire refers to the act of talking as performed by someone habitually and excessively fond of talking.
fabulari refers to the act of talking with emphasis on the nullity of what is being said.
blatire refers to the act of talking with special emphasis on the foolishness of what is being said.
blaterari refers to the act of talking with special emphasis on the extreme and remarkable foolishness of what is being said....]SQUINT[nature or sickness, or from bad habit.
paetus refers to someone who squints deliberately and waggishly....]STAB[ to injure or harm.
stimulare refers to pricking with an intention to arouse attention....]STAR[individual stars.
astrum refers to any one of the greater bright heavenly bodies, the sun, moon, and principal stars which have their individual names.
sidus refers to a constellation of stars, and only by extension to
the leading star in such a constellation....]STEAL[taking anthing from its lawful owner, often but not necessarily with the evil intention of stealing.
furari refers to the simple act of stealing as carried out by a thief....]STEM[grain as the bearing element in the plant.
calamus is a word that focusses on the hollowness of the stalk.
stipula refers to the stalk as the worthless part of the plant.
arista, the prickly ear, the tip or uppermost part of the stalk.
arundo is a a longer and stronger reed.
canna is a smaller and thinner reed.
spica is the full ear, without respect to its shape....]STEP[ of a person who is walking.
gradus refers to the step that has been taken.
passus refers to the stap as the result of an action of a person who is moving forward, and often a regular step....]STICK[ge enough to beat a man to death with.
ferula is a little stick typically used for the chastising of little schoolchildren.
sudes refers to a cudgel used as a weapon in warfare.
trudes ditto.
rudis refers to a thin stick used in fencing.
scipio refers to a stick used as an ornament used as a symbol of superior power.
baculus refers primarily to a stick used to support oneself with as one is walking, or to lean on, but this stick can also come to be deployed in conflict....]STINK[a thing has in itself.
olfactus refers to the subjective sensation caused by an objective smell.
olor refers to a stench.
SMELLY
olidus refers to something that smells and particularly to things that have a bad smell.
odorus refers to things with a good smell....]STONE[notes stone only as a material substance without regard to its form.
saxum refers to greater masses of stone, specifically hard stone, in whatever form.
rupes and petra refers to steep and high rocks insofar as these are difficult to climb.
cautes are small rough and pointed craggy rocks.
scopuli are jutting underwater rocks, typically posing danger to shipping.
calculus refers to a small generally round pebble (that is easy to handle).
scrupulus refers to rough generally angular pebble.
silex refers to flintstone....]STOREHOUSE[refers to the imperial treasury....]STRIKE[throwing, hitting or pushing.
caedere is to strike with a weapon that cuts wounds, a hatched, sword, whip, rod or strap.
pulsare is to strike any object with a hard object.
mulcare refers to striking with fists or clubs aiming principlally at physical pain....]STRONG[tself in moving and in attacking, as an ability to constrain others.
robur refers to the strength which shows itself in holding one's own sustaining what needs to be sustained, while remaining firm and solid.
STRONG
validus means strong, in an active sense.
firmus refers to strength from an immovable position, and consequently steadfastness.
robustus refers to passive strength through the compact nature of something, and its empenetrable durable materials....]STUMBLE[to the whole body which rests on no firm basis.
titubare refers to tottering with reference to the feet which refuse their service, and to staggering along.
vacillare refers to tottering with regartd to the upper part of the body, which comes to lack its upright, steady and secure position.
nutare refers to tottering with reference to the head, which seems ready to fall off....]STUPID[itia of something, ignorant of something that one might expect him to be familiar with.
inscius refers to someone who is without scientia of something, without an active understanding of it.
nescius refers to someone who happens not to be informed of something or who happens never to have heard of something, without negative connotations.
STUPID
stupidus refers to stupidity in human beings who comprehend things with difficulty.
brutus refers to stupidity in animals and in men whose organisation is like that of beasts, who comprehend nothing, as being without reason.
bardus refers to someone who comprehends slowly, as being of little talent.
stultus refers to a lack of practical wisdom, as folly.
fatuus refers to a lack of aesthetical judgment, as silliness.
stolidus refers to a lack of reasonable moderation, as brutality....]SUDDENLY[ddenly at time when it was not expected.
subito refers to something occurring suddenly at a time when one has made no preparations for it.
extemplo refers to someting occurring abruptly and momentarily.
e vestigio focusses on place and refers to something erupting in a certain place.
illico refers to something occurring at great speed, and suddenly....]SUFFICIENT[f something without any additional nuance.
abunde refers objectively and non-relatively to superabundance of something.
affatim refers to superabundance as perceived subjectively. A person may have worked affatim subjectively, but still not objectively satis....]SUMMIT[uppermost rooftop as a complete structure.
fastigium is the very line at the top of the roof. Dachfirst.
TOP
summus refers to the uppermost, with a mere local reference.
supremus is a poetical and solemn expression which indicates elevation also in a figurative sense....]SUMMON[call for someone of any rank, to ask someone to come.
accire is to call for or invite someone who is regarded as an equal, often to entreat someone to come.
evocare is to summon an inferior, and to command him to come....]SURPRISED[ss.
stupens refers to a permanent state of stunnedness....]SWEET[hat which gives calm pleasure in general.
culcis refers to a pleasant flavour, and more generally to that which gives a lively pleasure....]SWORD[sword.
ensis is a poetic word for a sword....]SYMPATHY[ the heart.
miserari refers to the expression of feelings of compassion or pity in words.
miseret me tui refers to a passive feeling of sympathy "I can't help feeling sorry for you".
misereor tui refers to an active feeling, an emotional act of commiseration or compassion....]TAKE[m a whole which thereby becomes smaller.
adimere refers to taking away a possession from a possessor, who thereby becomes poorer.
eximere refers to the taking away something which is oppressing or threatening to damage the person who has it in his own interest.
auferre refers to unduly or illegally taking away anything from anyone.
eripere refers to unduly or illegally taking away something by use of force or by snatching it away deftly....]TAME[.
mansuetus refers to tameness as the result of induced mildness of disposition....]TEACH[ion designed to educate and acculturate a child, and particularly reducing the child's ignorance.
formare refers positively to concerted, typically parental, action designed to prepare a child for a certain task to be performed as an adult, inculcating a bent for the performance of this adult task.
instituere refers positively to a formal education preparing someone for a certain type of employment.
homines non nascuntur sed effinguntur (Erasmus)...]TEACHER[who imparts theories and principles of a subject rather than mere practical skills.
praeceptor refers to the teacher as a person who instructs pupils professionally in certain important practices.
magister refers to the teacher as a person who is possessed of great learning both practical and theoretical, and who is thus in principle qualified to teach those who want to learn....]TEAR APART[ich may be done by the use of one's hands, claws, or teeth.
laniare refers to the effect of a cutting instrument, under which, however, teeth and claws may be included....]TEMPLE[er with consecreated environs, and the word denotes specifically a great temple to one of the principal gods.
fanum and delubrum refer to smaller temples to an inferior god or a hero.
aedes refers to the main building of the temple only.
sac ellum refers to a consecrated place without the building, with merely an altar....]TERRITORY[centre of the universe, as a goddess etc.
terra refers to earth as a kind of substance and one of the elements in opposition to wood, fire etc..
humus refers to earth as the lowest part of the visible world, in opposition to the sky....]THANK[titude.
gratias habere ditto.
gratias agere refers to the speech act of thanking someone for a favour.
gratiam referre refers to the expression of one's gratitude through action.
GRATEFUL
gratus refers to feelings of gratefulness.
memor refers to an awareness of a debt of gratitude....]THIEF[far as he commits the robbery with his own hands.
raptor refers to a robber of some specified kind of commodity which he steals.
latro refers to the highwayman....]THINK[uch.
meditari refers to the focussed act of thinking as directed towards certain aims or motivated by certain well-defined intentions, and the word connotes earnestness of sustained effort
commentari refers to a leisurely contemplative act of thinking as directed towards certain aims or motivated by certain well-defined intentions.
REFLECT
considerare refers to the purely intellectual act of analytical reflection with the aim of critical understanding.
contemplatio refers to an emotional and intellectual intense reflection in which one is absorbed in one's subject and surrenders oneself to the emotions or intellectual perspectives it arouses.
PONDER Dum 1877
pensare refers to pondering something and weigh it carefully.
pensitare is to ponderoften and scrupulously....]THIS[fers to this one that is yours.
ille refers to that one that is his.
is refers to an absent person or thing....]THROAT[n humans.
ingluvies refers to the inside of the throat in animals.
faux refers to the entrance into the throat.
guttur refers to the whole length of the throat in men or animals.
guttulia refers to the animal throat.
gulia refers to the human throat....]TIE TO[t things falling apart, and this is a general common word.
viere is a more technical expression for tying someting to hold it together.
vincire refers to tying in fetters in order to hinder free movement....]TIRED[xhaustion induced by an exhausting effort.
fessus refers also to a subjective state of exhaustion induced by an exhausting effort, but is perhaps a somewhat stronger word to use.
lassus refers to an objective and physical state of exhaustion, like lassatus....]TOGETHER[place.
simul refers to togetherness at the same time, at the same moment....]TRIBE[al and human kind.
genus refers to a natural race, and it consists of a species of individuals which by their common properties belong to one and the same class of beings.
gens refers to a politically organised race consisting of families whom the founder of states has united into a community or into a complex family....]TRUNK[ and supporting principal part of a tree in opposition to the branches and leaves growing from it and dependent upon it. COMARE 本
truncus refers to the naked, dry part of the tree, in opposition to the branches and leves as its ornament....]TRUST[g faith in someone, as a basic feeling.
confidere is intensitive and refers to having strong faith in someone.
credere is to trust in someone's good intentions and sincerity.
committere is to entrust someone to someone, thereby placing a moral burden on that other person.
fiducia refers to the trust one has in others.
confidentia refers to a reprehensible blind trust, particularly in one's own strength.
TRUSTY
fides refers to the good faith one keeps to others, the keeping one's word.
fidelitas refers specifically to the continued devotion to a person to whom one has once committed oneself.
fidus refers to a natural quality of trustworthiness in a person,and the term involves relative praise due to someone in whom one can trust.
fidelis refers to a moral characteristic of a person, and the term involves absolute praise for trustworthiness as a cultivated moral virtue....]TRY[er to form a judgment of something, from a desire of knowledge.
peiclitari refers to making an experiment with courage and contempt of the danger associated with the experiment.
experiri is merely to learn something by trying it out....]TURN UPSIDE DOWN[ in order to give it another position in space.
torquere is to twist in order to distort the shape of something....]TWO[ng as a distinct abstract articulated quantity.
duplum refers to double amounts of some stuff as a continuous quantity.
geminus refers to that which is paired or comes in pairs of different items.
duplicatus refers to that which consists of a pair of copies of the same thing.
dupliciter refers to different manners or double purpose, adverbially: "in two different ways".
bifariam refers to different places, adverbially: "in both places"...]UGLY[eeling of security and excites fear or shuddering, like "hideous, shocking".
foedus refers to that which offends natural feelings and excites loathing and aversion.
turpis refers to that which offends one's moral feeling or sense of decency and excites disapprobation and contempt.
deformis refers to that which offends aesthetic sensibilities and excites sophisticated aesthetic dislike....]UNDERSTAND[ntment by means of reflection and combination.
sentire refers to a natural discernment by emotional and aesthetic sensibilities or perceptions, or indeed of the mind as a whole.
cognoscere tends to refer to an historical discernment by means of the senses and of traditional information....]UNJUST[blic to the public honour of another person.
iniuria refers to an infringement of another's rights.
offensio refers to the subjective sense of mortification by someone who has suffered contumelia or iniuria....]UNTIL[
hactenus and hucusque are local and refer to the place up to which something is so....]USE[ something.
usurpare refers to a momentary single act of using.
frui is antiquated and refers to a lasting use and enjoyment of something desirable....]VIRTUE[tself in becoming and meritorious behaviour.
innocentia refers to virtue insofar as it shoes itself in blameless, especially disinterested conduct.
honestas is virtue insofar as it shows itself in virtuous and noble sentiments....]VULGAR[countryside, and in a transferred sense the word refers to intellectual roughness.
agrestis refers to anything growing wild in the fields, but as a mild expression, and in a transferred sense the word, like "countrified", has a refernce to bashfulness and sometimes even innocence, or occasionally awkwardness.
agrestis refers to anything of rural residence or extraction, and in a transferred sense this word has a reference to shamelessness and vulgarity and is never used in a positive sense.
Interesting more detail in Doederlein 188....]WAIT[ost as a mere mental act, as a feeling, without practical reference or accessory meaning.
praestolari refers to waiting for something with the nuance that the person waiting intends, after the arrival of the object waited for, to do something.
opperiri is a poetic word for waiting.
Note that the distinction between warten and harren is absent in Latin....]WAKE UP[ositive feature involving vital energy.
insomnis refers to a person as deprived of sleep but would have liked to sleep.
exsomnis refers to someone who refuses to sleep....]WALK[ri is to walk out into the open.
deambulare is to walk up and down until one is tired.
WALK
ire refers to the act of walking, especially in a person deciding to go somewhere.
meare often refers specifically to beasts, ships, rivers and the like.
gradiri refers to walking in a quiet dignified manner, and with a regular measured step.
incedere refers specifically to walking along in aproud manner, in a procession, or in circumstances where one expects to be seen.
GAIT
ingressus refers quite generally to the act of walking.
incessus refers to someone's gait that is characteristic of his person....]WALL[h reference to its form, without reference to its use.
paries refers specifically to the outer walls in a house, or the walls within a house.
moenia refers to the city walls, used as a defense against an enemy.
munimenta refers to the system of walls in a fortress.
maceria is the outer wall of a compound to mark the boundaries and to exclude thieves, and the word may refer to a garden wall.
parietina is a wall that has crumbled and lies in ruins....]WARFARE[e quite generally, both civil war and war against an external enemy.
tumultus refers to irregular armed unrest.
militia refers to military service in war.
arma "weapons" is standardly used by metonymy for "war"....]WAVE[ers to water in apparent self-movement.
fluctus refers to billows of water as moved violently by external factors such as wind.
fluentum refers to a single wave....]WAY[ for rational reasons, makes on a journey, and the word is occasionally used in an abstract sense referring to a person's progress in life.
meatus refers to the progress which a person makes on a journey without rational reason and will.
ROAD
via refers to the path on whihc a person goes, and the word is often used in a transferred sense referring to what a person has passed through in life.
trames refers to a by-road in a plain or in a town, by which one may arrive, partly in a shorter time, partly without being so much observed as in the open road.
semita refers to a foot-path, which often runs by the side of a main road.
callis refers to apath over a mountain or through a forest, which is scarcely passable except for cattle and determined travellers....]WEAK[a weakness of the heart.
infirmitas refers to bodily weakness, and a moral weakness of character, fickleness and uncertainty....]WEEP[ of certain kinds of emotion of the mind, joyful or sorrowful, in the form of shedding tears.
plorare refers to a passionate expression of grief by wailing and crying.
flere partes of the passionless feeling denoted by lacrimare, but at the same time of the feeling of grief denoted by plorare.
lamentari refers to a higher degree of passionate lamentation than plorare.
eiaculare refers to a wailing interrupted by cries and sobs....]WEIGHT[ in its disadvantageous sense, as unwieldiness and inconvience to move.
onus refers to heaviness in its disadvantageous sense insofar as the object exert s unpleasant pressure and is irksome to a person carrying it.
pondus refers to heaviness in its positive sense as force, strength and sound weight.
gravitas can refer to onerous weight as well as to effective and desirable weightiness....]WHOLE[ht fall apart.
omnis simply refers to a unified complete whole.
universus refers to a complete whole....]WHY[estions.
quare introduces rhetorical questions....]WIFE[n by a certain husband.
coniux refers to the wife as a partner in what is construed as a mutual marital relationship, typically involving symmetrical emotional relationships.
marita is a poetic term for uxor.
FEMALE COMPANION
pellex refers to a bed-fellow of a married man, his wife, who can have this relation only to one man at the time.
concubina refers to any bedfellow, without further limitation than that she does not live in a state of lawful wedlock, and such a concubine can only have one mate at a given time.
meretrix refers to a prostitute who exercises a certain choice with respect to the men with whom she conducts her business.
scorta refers derogatively to a prostitute with reference to her moral character as enticing men to sin....]WIN[of an adversary from his place.
superare refers to the winning of a place from an adversary.
evincere refers to the exertion and duration of a conflict which one wins.
devincere emphasises the result of a victory.
opprimere refers to a victory without any serious struggle....]WIND[a denotes a violent gust of wind.
tempestas refers to a complete lasting storm or thunderstorm.
vortex refers to a weak whirlwind.
turbo refers to a strong whirlwind that causes destruction....]WISE[aims and pursues these with commendable calmness of mind.
prudens refers to a person who naturally chooses the right means to a certain aim and regulates his actions with circumspection.
callidus refers to person who has acquired an ability to choose the right means to a certain aim, and who regulates his actions with circumspection....]WOMAN[s, often of humans, but also of animals.
mulier refers more tenderly to what was then considered as the weaker sex....]WORK[exertion, as merely or turning one's hand to, something as opposed to momentary inactivity, and also in opposition to thinking, speaking, advisign.
labor refers to strenuous exertion which is typically followed by fatigue....]WORRY[ghtfulness regarding a possible evil.
sollicitudo refers to anxious thoughtfulness with respect to a possible evil.
angor refers to apprehensive anguish as a passion with respect to a possible evil.
dolor refers to a strong negative reaction to a present evil.
aegritudo refers to an internalised sickness of the soul of someone faced with a present evil....]WRITTEN CHARACTER[le part of writing.
elementum refers more generally to the indivisible basic elements of language....]YELLOW[ an egg.
gilvus and helvus refer to a fainter reddish yellow, like that of honey.
flavus luridus refers to a lighter whitivsh yellow that that of light auburn hair.
luridus refers to a wan unpleasent yellowishness, like that of pale death....]YOUNG[ch.
iuventus refers to a collection of young persons.
Iuventas is the goddess of youth.
JUVENILE
iuvenalis refers positively to what pertains to young age rather than old age and decrepitude.
iuvenilis refers negatively to what pertains to young age as opposed to maturity....]