CITIZEN    公民

ADULT who HAS DEFINED RIGHTS AND DUTIES BECAUSE s/he BELONGS TO a STATE.
Old Chinese Criteria
The insistution of legal citizenship was linked to tax-paying duty and military duty, not in terms of any specific civic rights. The concrete definition of citizenship will have differed from state to state in Warring States times, and the importance of the definition will have depended on the degree of detailedness of public registers. In China, there was no central and important institution like the bundle of rights and duties of the civis Romanus. The civis Romanus defined himself in terms of rights. It would appear that the Chinese citizen defined himself as a citizen (less enthusiastically) through his duties. An expression like 齊人 had three meanings in ancient China: 1. commonly: a man from Qí, people from Qí; 2. (in the ANNALS (CQ) and other annalistic contexts: the senior citizens of Qí, the aristocracy of Qí; 3. from Warring States onwards: citizens of Qí. It is the third notion that badly needs close investigation.
Modern Chinese Criteria
公民 平民 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BOURGEOIS　RICH CITIZEN who DWELLS in a CITY. (anc: 9/0, child: 0)
Hypernym
  • ADULT　HUMAN who is SUFFICIENTLY OLD to ESTABLISH his/her SEPARATE HOME. (anc: 7/0, child: 20)
  • HUMAN　ANIMAL which HAS TWO LEGS AND LACKS FEATHERS. (anc: 6/0, child: 31)
  • ANIMAL　CREATURE ABLE to FEEL AND MOVE. (anc: 5/0, child: 12)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.37

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    INHABITANT versus CITIZEN

    incola is the mere inhabitant versus the citizen.

    inquilinus refers to the owner of a house, also known as dominus.

    colonus refers to the owner of a piece of land.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134b

  • Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe ( KOSELLECK 1972-97) p. 1.672-725

  • Polites Soziale Typenbegriffe ( LAUFFER 1981) p.

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.120.86

    HABITANT.BEOURGEOIS.CITOYEN

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.353

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    • Words (4 items)

    國人  guó rén OC: kʷɯɯɡ njin MC: kək ȵin 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]N=captialinfluential inhabitants of the N's capital who are not bureaucrats and parts of the public sphere
    • NP[post-N]N=statecitizens of N; influential inhabitants of the N's capitalDS
    • NPadVas a person entitled to ride in a wheeled vehicle in particular a war chariot(??), as a citizen of senior status
    國士  guó shì OC: kʷɯɯɡ dzrɯʔ MC: kək ɖʐɨ 18 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPadVobjectas a distinguished gentleman; state hero (object) 國士遇我
    • NPadVsubjectas a distinguished gentleman of the state; state hero
    • NPcolloquialdistinguished gentlemen of the state
    • NPindefinitea distinguished gentleman of the state
    • NPnonreferentiala distinguished gentleman of state; state hero
    • NPreferential"knight of state", finest distinguished gentleman of the state; state hero
    • NP{PRED}be a distinguished gentleman of the state; be a state hero
    士民  shì mín OC: dzrɯʔ min MC: ɖʐɨ min 16 Attributions

    refers to senior citizens (typically with a certain level of education) 范寧注：學習道藝者

      Syntactic words
    • NP{N1&N2}pluralcitizen; citizenry
    主人  zhǔ rén OC: tjoʔ njin MC: tɕi̯o ȵin 8 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPnative citizen (not kè rén 客人"foreigner")
    • NP{PRED}be native citizenDS