SUMMIT    山頂頂

TOP of MOUNTAIN.
MOUNTAIN) TOPPEAKCRESTCROWNAPEXTIPCAPHILLTOP
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most current general word for the topmost part of anything is probably dǐng 頂 (ant. lù 麓 "foot of mountain", * dāng 當 "bottom"). 2. Diān 顛 / 巔 (ant. xià 下 "foot (of mountain") refers most often to mountain tops, but as the graphic etymology of the original character might lead one to expect, the word can also refer to the crown of the head. 3. Lóng 隆 (ant. bēi 卑 refers to the highest point of anything but adds the connotation of general venerability. 4. Jí 極 and zhì 至 "ultimate point" are very abstract words referring, occasionally, to the highest point of concrete objects. 5. Liáng 梁 refers to the ridge at the top of a mountain range. 6. Fēng 峰 is a very rare word in pre-Buddhist Chinese and refers to the top of a high mountain.
Modern Chinese Criteria
山頂 山頭 山椒 巔 峰 峰頂 頂峰 高峰 主峰 險峰 峰巒 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • BOTTOMPART of an ARTEFACT or THING that is MOST LOW.
Hypernym
  • TOP　MOST HIGH PLACE in something. (anc: 5/0, child: 1)
  • PLACE　PART of SPACE that THINGS BE-IN:are-in. (anc: 4/0, child: 39)
  • PART　OBJECT which COMBINES with OTHER OBJECTS to BECOME ONE LARGER WHOLE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 8)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 12.33

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    SUMMIT

    culmen refers to thesummit of a roof, the uppermost rooftop as a complete structure.

    fastigium is the very line at the top of the roof. Dachfirst.

    TOP

    summus refers to the uppermost, with a mere local reference.

    supremus is a poetical and solemn expression which indicates elevation also in a figurative sense.

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 14

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 243

    • Words (8 items)

    極  jí OC: ɡɯɡ MC: gɨk 6 Attributions

    Jí 極 and zhì 至 "ultimate point" are very abstract words referring, occasionally, to the highest point of concrete objects.

      Syntactic words
    • nabfigurativeextremity, ultimate point; the apex, acme
    顛  diān OC: tiin MC: ten
    巔  diān OC: tiin MC: ten 4 Attributions

    Diān 顛/巔 (ant. xià 下 "foot (of mountain") refers most often to mountain tops, but as the graphic etymology of the original character might lead one to expect, the word can also refer to the crown of the head.

      Syntactic words
    • nmountain top
    • nabfigurativeliterary: the climax, the most important point (which must culminate at the end of a phrase)CH
    隆  lóng OC: ɡ-rum MC: luŋ 2 Attributions

    Lóng 隆 (ant. bēi 卑 refers to the highest point of anything but adds the connotation of general venerability.

      Syntactic words
    • nhigh point; become extremely exalted; also abstract: extreme point (in the cold period)
    頂  dǐng OC: teeŋʔ MC: teŋ 2 Attributions

    The most current general word for the topmost part of anything is probably dǐng 頂 (ant. lù 麓 "foot of mountain", * dāng 當 "bottom").

      Syntactic words
    • ntop, highest point
    頂峰  dǐng fēng OC: teeŋʔ phoŋ MC: teŋ phi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfigurativesummit > the 'highpoint' of an action > involvement in an action
    峰  fēng OC: phoŋ MC: phi̯oŋ 1 Attribution

    Fēng 峰 is a very rare word in pre-Buddhist Chinese and refers to the top of a high mountain.

      Syntactic words
    • nexceedingly rare in pre-Buddhist texts: SHUOWEN summit
    梁  liáng OC: k-raŋ MC: li̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Liáng 梁 refers to the ridge at the top of a mountain range.

      Syntactic words
    • nridge along top of mountain range
    梟  xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nsummit of a mountain GUAN: 其山之梟