EGO    我我

[GRAMMAR] PRONOUN (or pseudo-pronoun) USING WHICH A SPEAKER REFERS to HIMSELF.
I ME
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾, and the word is never emphatic in constructions like 吾實 "It was I who...". (Not in OBI. Note the Jinwen variant graphs for the same word 𫊣 and 䱷.) This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. (NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "we" in the sense close to "one", German man, French on.) 我亦 "I too", versus 予亦 "I shall moreover V". 2. Wǒ 我 (which can be used in the emphatic construction 我實 "It was I who...") is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times, as in wǒ zé 我則 "I on the other hand...". (In OBI 我 was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, modifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as a derived impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German "man", French "on". 我亦 "I too", versus 予亦 "I shall moreover V". 3. Yú 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It it a preferred pronoun used by poets. 4. Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC. NB 1: Many official titles - but by no means all - function as quasi pronouns. For example, no king could call himself wáng 王 "king", but all ministers will normally refer to themselves as chén 臣 in the presence of their king, and not by the more assertive pronoun wǒ 我. Thus most quasi-pronouns serve a self-deprecatory function and are not usable in contexts where no self-deprecation is called for. A fascinating exception is fūzǐ 夫子 "the master" which is apparently used in self-reference meaning "I, your master" by Confucius. For the internal complexity of the notion of the EGO in German see C. Harbsmeier, "Ueber den inneren Schweinehund, das bessere Ich und die rausgelassene Sau" [On lack of will-power and one's better Self???]
Modern Chinese Criteria
我 咱 俺 余 吾 予 儂 咱家 洒家 本 身 個人 老朽 老拙 老夫 小老兒 老漢 老可 老軀 老身 朽人 老妾 老身 老娘 愚兄 為兄 小弟 兄弟 愚弟 奴 奴家 奴奴 妾 妾身 賤妾 小女 朕 孤 孤王 孤家 寡人 職 卑職 下官 奴婢 奴才 貧道 小道 貧僧 貧衲 老子 在下 人家　coquettish: "I" rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • YOUHUMAN ADDRESSED. [GRAMMAR]
See also
  • WESPEAKER'S GROUP. [GRAMMAR]
  • SELFPERSON that is NOT OTHER.
Hypernym
  • PRONOUN　NOUN REPLACING ANOTHER NOUN. [] (anc: 13/0, child: 13)
  • NAME　SPEAK so as to REFER to something OR WORD USED for REFERRING to something. (anc: 12/0, child: 5)
  • WORD　SOUND IMAGE of a CONCEPT. (Leibniz, Couturat p. 432) (anc: 11/0, child: 7)
  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 383

    ES

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 646

    JE

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.468

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 4.1

    ICH

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 336

  • 古辭辨 Gu ci bian ( WANG FENGYANG 1993) p. 371

  • 王力古漢語字典 ( WANG LI 2000) p. 9

    1. WL 9f claims that wo3 我，吾 and 余，予 are synonymous apart from the fact that wu2 吾 cannot occur in object position. In fact, the two groups are totally different from each other semantically in three striking ways:

    A. Wo3 我 and wu2 吾 can be used for the plural, the others cannot.

    B. Wo3 我 and wu2 吾 have very common and philosophically important impersonal uses like German man, English you, French on, whereas the others can never be used in this way.

    C. Wo3 我 is assertive ("I for my part"; "our party in the conflict") whereas all the other words never are.

    2. WL claims that zhe4n 朕 and wo3 我 are synonymous in pre-Qin Chinese. But zhe4n 朕 is a dialect word very unlike the colourless wo3 我, and especially, zhe4n 朕 is never used impersonally or contrastively in the way indicated above.

  • 古人稱謂 Guren chengwei ( YUAN TINGDONG 1994) p.

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 2a

    • Words (193 items)

    予  yú OC: la MC: ji̯ɤ 387 AttributionsWD

    Yǔ2 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It became a preferred pronoun used by poets.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Contrast: 朕/EGO Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..
    • Contrast: 朕躬/EGO
    • Synon: 朕/EGO Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..
    • Oppos: 我/WE
    • Oppos: 汝/YOU/PLUR

      Syntactic words
    • npro+Vtme (as preposed object)
    • npro+V{PRED}I (personally); I personally; I, as a matter of personal experience or sensibility 予欲 "I wish..."
    • npro+V{PRED}experientialI (as a non-agential experiencer participant)
    • npro+V{PRED}objectiveI (undergoing a process), I as an inevitable result (in an apodosis)
    • npro+V{PRED}subjectiveI (as a responsible agent)
    • npro.adNbelonging to me (personally), my (often marked by the genitive particle 之)
    • npro.postVtme (personally, as an experiencer?)
    • npro.postVtpivotme (functioning as the subject of the verb that follows)
    • npro=N予一人, 予小子 "I (personally), the little child"
    • npro{PRED}be me, (personally); was I (personally)
    朕  zhèn OC: rlɯmʔ MC: ɖim 194 AttributionsWD

    Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 予/EGO Yǔ2 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It became a preferred pronoun used by poets.
    • Contrast: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Contrast: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Contrast: 朕躬/EGO
    • Synon: 予/EGO Yǔ2 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It became a preferred pronoun used by poets.
    • Synon: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Syntactic words
    • nproCC: I　
    • npro.adNauto-honorific ceremonial: my
    • npro.adNmarkedmy, the modification being marked by 之
    • npro.adNN=mentalmy
    • npro.adNneutralmy (often elevated style)
    • npro.postVtnon-honorific?? me
    • npro.postVtpivotauto-honorific ceremonial: me (in pivotal construction)
    • npro1. person singularauto-honorific ceremonial (by the decision of Qín Shǐhúang, used by emperors only)
    • npro=Nauto-honorific cenremonial: I (followed by an N in apposition)
    吾  wú OC: ŋaa MC: ŋuo̝
    䱷  wú MC: -- OC: -- 175 AttributionsWD

    The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 朕/EGO Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..
    • Contrast: 朕躬/EGO
    • Contrast: 我/EGO Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Synon: 朕/EGO Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..
    • Oppos: 汝 / 女/YOU The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
    • Oppos: 子/YOU The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
    • Oppos: 先生/YOU

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Nmetaphysicalthe ego (of the N kind)CH
    • nprome 不吾反也
    • nproquasi-authorial: I, as if the writer of the text (which was, however, taken over from a spoken setting)LZ
    • npro.adN1. person singularmy
    • npro.adNauthorialmy
    • npro.adNmarkedmy
    • npro.adNplacefrom my place
    • npro.adNtypemy
    • npro.postVtas object of transitive verb, also as pivot, and particularly as object of coverbs
    • npro1. person singularI (unmarked, non-contrastive, weak)
    • nproauthorialI, the current speaker of this text
    • nprocontrastiveI (your superior) on the other hand
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtpreposed object [relevant object cases must be moved here]
    我  wǒ OC: ŋaalʔ MC: ŋɑ 163 AttributionsWD

    Wǒ 我 is contrastive and emphatic by Warring States times (in OBI it was not yet in opposition to wú 吾 and was the standard unmarked pronoun during earlier stages of the language). The word freely occurs in subject, mofifying, and object position and often has an idiomatic meaning like "I for my part" and the formal slightly depersonalised "our party". NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 予/EGO Yǔ2 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It became a preferred pronoun used by poets.
    • Contrast: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Contrast: 朕/EGO Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..
    • Oppos: 子/YOU The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
    • Oppos: 彼/THAT
    • Oppos: 彼/OTHER
    • Oppos: 民/VULGAR
    • Oppos: 俗人/ORDINARY
    • Oppos: 爾 / 爾儞/YOU
    • Oppos: 汝 / 女/YOU The current general second person pronouns are rǔ 汝 and in polite contexts zǐ 子.
    • Oppos: 人/OTHER Rén 人 refers indefinitely to other persons, in the singular (someone else) or in the plural (other people), but never as "the other person" or as "the other people."
    • Oppos: 吾子/YOU
    • Oppos: 民/PEOPLE The dominant current general word for the people is mín 民 (ant. jūn 君 "ruler"), and this term refers to the people particularly insofar as they are ruled by a ruler or belong to a state.
    • Oppos: 天下/ALL Tiān xià 天下 is a quantifying noun phrase that refers universally to all mankind. >>NOMINAL; COLLECTIVE
    • Oppos: 二三子/YOU/PLUR
    • Oppos: 彼/THAT
    • Oppos: 君/YOU
    • Oppos: 夫子/TEACHER Zǐ 子 and fū zǐ 夫子 can be used to refer to the teacher within a given school by the adherents of that school.
    • Oppos: 今人/VULGAR
    • Oppos: 舉世/WORLD
    • Oppos: 一國/PEOPLE
    • Oppos: 眾人 / 衆人/PEOPLE
    • Oppos: 昊天/GOD

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adNpsychof the (personal) self, of the ego
    • nabmetaphysicalthe Self, the Ego
    • nabpsychthe self, the ego (as composed of its mental activities)
    • npro(.adN)my place; our state
    • npro+Vtpreposed object: me
    • npro+V{PRED}experientialI (at present, or remembering the personal past)
    • npro+V{PRED}V=future.actionI (with future predicate)
    • npro+V{PRED}V=past.actionI (subject of authoritative action in the past)
    • npro.adNmarkedcontrastive: my
    • npro.adNnon-contrastivemy
    • npro.postVtcontrastiveme
    • npro.postVtnon-contrastiveme (non-contrastive)
    • npro.postVtnon-contrastiveme
    • npro1ad.npro2adNmy 我此屐
    • npro=N我一人
    • npro[adN]singular/pluralmy/our [territory]
    • nproauthorialI, the author of this text
    • nprocontrastiveI (on the other hand), I for my part, I as opposed to others
    • npro{PRED}contrastivebe me
    • npro{PRED}identifyingbe none other than meCH
    • vtoNpsychcall (oneself) "I"
    余  yú OC: la MC: ji̯ɤ 134 AttributionsWD

    Yǔ2 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It it a preferred pronoun used by poets.

      Syntactic words
    • npro.adNmy (personal)
    • npro.adNN=physicalmy
    • npro.postVtOBI: me (personally, normally not physically)
    • npro=NI, the N
    • nproauthorialfirst person pronoun by which the author of a work refers to himself as the author of that work.CH
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtme
    • npro{SUBJ}+V{PRED}I (particularly from Warring States onwards: "I personally" rarely physically: "I purely physically (was injured etc) )
    臣  chén OC: ɡjiŋ MC: dʑin 105 AttributionsWD

      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]=NprI, NN 臣斯
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]adNyour humble servant's
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]postVtme, your servant
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your servant (not necessarily minister or even official); I your son(!!!)
    寡人  guǎ rén OC: kʷraaʔ njin MC: kɣɛ ȵin 76 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]derivedtransfered usage: I = my country; my state
    • NP[post=npro1.]adNmy
    • NP[post=npro1.]postVtme
    • NP[post=npro1]we (as used by the ruler to refer to himself)
    • NP[post=npro1]non-rulerI, a senior person
    某甲  mǒu jiǎ OC: mooʔ kraab MC: mu kɣap 26 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP=Npr[.post=npro1]:postVtme, the N (humble person pronoun in object position, followed by an apposition which specifies the pronoun)
    • NP[post=npro1.]adNmy (humble)
    • NP[post=npro1.]postVtme
    • NP[post=npro1]I (humble), me (Tang, in Buddhist texts)
    • NP{N1=N2}pronominalX -某甲 I, the man for some reason seems to be called X
    之  zhī OC: kljɯ MC: tɕɨ 25 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npro.postVt1. person singularme 天厭之may Heaven reject me!
    • npropostN1.adN2CAUSATION咎之徒“a concomitant causing blame": causing NCH
    不穀  bù gǔ OC: pɯʔ kooɡ MC: pi̯ut kuk 23 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPadNpronominalmy
    • NPpostVtmeCH
    • NP{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)}objectme (the king)
    • VP[adN.=npro1]N=humanI (used by a ruler referring to himself)
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 22 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npro.adN1. person singularmy
    • npro{SUBJ}adNab.adSnominalising/subordinating a VERB with a first person subject: "in case of my V-ing", my V-ing
    • npro{TOP}adN. Vpluralof us; from usDS
    予一人  yú yī rén OC: la qliɡ njin MC: ji̯ɤ ʔit ȵin 21 AttributionsWD

      Syntactic words
    • NPadNpronominalmy
    • NPpro.postVtI, the singular one
    • NPpronominalI, the one person (the king)
    弟子  dì zǐ OC: liilʔ sklɯʔ MC: dei tsɨ 17 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]adNI, your student
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your disciple ZHUANG (Zhou)
    山僧  shān sēng OC: sreen sɯɯŋ MC: ʂɣɛn səŋ 15 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1.]adNBUDDH: of me, the mountain hermit
    • NP[post=npro1]BUDDH: I the mountain recluse (self-deprecatory CH)
    • NPpost=NprBUDDH: I the mountain monk; I, the mountain hermit
    孤  gū OC: kʷaa MC: kuo̝ 15 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN.][post=npro1]I, the lonely one, I the isolated one (The genitive always, apparently, formed with 之：孤之
    • v[adN1.][post=npro1:]adN2my
    敝  bì OC: beds MC: biɛi 15 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN1.][post=npro1:]adN2(my ruler's) humble (N)> my humble
    予小子  yú xiǎo zǐ OC: la smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: ji̯ɤ siɛu tsɨ 14 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI, the little one
    • NPpro=NprI, the little child (of the deceased ruler)
    下臣  xià chén OC: ɢraaʔ ɡjiŋ MC: ɦɣɛ dʑin 14 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP=NprpronominalYour Servant Npr
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, lowly servant (Warring States)
    • NPpostVtt.+V[0]pronominalme, your humble servant (mostly in pivotal constructions:使下臣V
    專甲  zhuān jiǎ OC: tjon kraab MC: tɕiɛn kɣap 12 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1.]adNmy
    • NP[post=npro1.]postVtme, so and so
    • NP[post=npro1]I, so and so
    老僧  lǎo sēng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sɯɯŋ MC: lɑu səŋ 12 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1.]postVtBUDDH: me, the old monk
    • NP[post=npro1]BUDDH: I, the old monk (self-deprecatory)
    • NPadN[.post=npro1]of me, the old monk
    • NPpost=NprobjectBUDDH: me, old monk X
    身  shēn OC: qhjin MC: ɕin 11 AttributionsWD

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 意/THINK
    • Oppos: 天下/STATE Tiān xià 天下 refers to the inhabited earth construed as dominated by the emperor or Son of Heaven. (NOTE THAT THE EMPIRE OF CHINA WAS NOT REGARDED AS A STATE.)

      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1]my person> (my)self (I)
    余一人  yú yī rén OC: la qliɡ njin MC: ji̯ɤ ʔit ȵin 11 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalOBI: I the one person, I the king
    小人  xiǎo rén OC: smewʔ njin MC: siɛu ȵin 11 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, little man
    妾  qiè OC: skheb MC: tshiɛp 9 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]I, your concubine (Zhou)
    寡  guǎ OC: kʷraaʔ MC: kɣɛ 9 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN1.][post=npro1:]adN2our (lord), my (used by a member of his family) 寡君
    台  yí OC: lɯ MC: jɨ 7 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nproI
    • npro.adNarchaic: my
    • npro.postVtme
    • npro=NI
    老夫  lǎo fū OC: ɡ-ruuʔ pa MC: lɑu pi̯o 7 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the old fellow
    我身  wǒ shēn OC: ŋaalʔ qhjin MC: ŋɑ ɕin 7 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP{pro}I myself; me myself; my personality
    見  jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtme See DCD meaning 15f
    朕躬  zhèn gōng OC: rlɯmʔ kʷɯŋ MC: ɖim kuŋ 6 AttributionsWD

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 予/EGO Yǔ2 予／余 is personal and often autobiographical, speaking of the author in the past. It became a preferred pronoun used by poets.
    • Contrast: 吾 / 䱷/EGO The umarked current first person pronoun most current by Warring States times is wú 吾. This word does not normally occur in object position and is highly idiomatic in a possessive pre-nominal position. Significantly, this pronoun can never be used emphatically or contrastively. NB: The word also serves as an impersonal pronoun meaning "one", German man, French on.
    • Contrast: 朕/EGO Zhèn 朕 is an ordinary southern dialect first person pronoun in CC, is a pronoun of self-assertive authority, but by decree the word came to be limited to use by the emperor alone after the unification of the Chinese Empire in 221 BC..
    • Contrast: 予一人/EGO

      Syntactic words
    • NPpro+V{PRED}I
    • NPpro.postVtas object: me (many more examples in Sturgeon's Chinese Text Initiative).
    弊邑  bì yì OC: beds qrɯb MC: biɛi ʔip 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro1.]adNour (king etc)
    • NP[post-npro1.]postVtus, our party
    • NP{vadN}pronominalmy humble (city), i.e. we, our party
    陪臣  péi chén OC: bɯɯ ɡjiŋ MC: buo̝i dʑin 6 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]your humble minister
    • NPpluralwe, humble servants
    • NPpronominalyour humble minister N 陪臣盈
    貧道  pín dào OC: brɯn ɡ-luuʔ MC: bin dɑu 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN.][post=npro_1]I, the one who is poor in the Way (Tang) (Taoist term of self-reference. See also Shuihuzhuan ch. 1)
    僕  pú OC: booɡ MC: buk 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, mere servant 《史記·滑稽列傳》：“使 張儀 、 蘇秦 與僕並生於今之世，
    • npro.postVtself-effacing and intimate: meCH
    賤臣  jiàn chén OC: dzens ɡjiŋ MC: dziɛn dʑin 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1.]adNI, your humble servant
    • NP[post=npro1]I, your menial servant
    卬  áng OC: ŋaaŋ MC: ŋɑŋ 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nprosubjectSHI: I, we
    嬰  yīng MC: 'jieng OC: qeŋ 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npr.post=npro1ICH
    學人  xué rén OC: ɡruuɡ njin MC: ɦɣɔk ȵin 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the student
    某  mǒu OC: mooʔ MC: mu 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nproI (whose identity is unworthy of explicit specification)
    • npro.adNmy
    • npro.postVtpolite: me
    我躬  wǒ gōng OC: ŋaalʔ kʷɯŋ MC: ŋɑ kuŋ 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI; me; us
    小子  xiǎo zǐ OC: smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: siɛu tsɨ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I,little man; German: meine Wenigkeit
    老臣  lǎo chén OC: ɡ-ruuʔ ɡjiŋ MC: lɑu dʑin 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]your old humble servant
    未亡人  wèi wáng rén OC: mɯds maŋ njin MC: mɨi mi̯ɐŋ ȵin 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the person who has not yet died
    余身  yú shēn OC: la qhjin MC: ji̯ɤ ɕin 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI for myself, "ich fuer meine Person"; obj: my own person
    愚生  yú shēng MC: ngju sraeng OC: ŋo sraaŋ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI the stupid one; I the stupid adeptCH
    我士  wǒ shì OC: ŋaalʔ dzrɯʔ MC: ŋɑ ɖʐɨ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro
    吾身  wú shēn OC: ŋaa qhjin MC: ŋuo̝ ɕin 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP1. person singularmy body > I
    小  xiǎo OC: smewʔ MC: siɛu 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vadN[.post-npro1]my little; our little
    弊  bì OC: beds MC: biɛi 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vadN[.post-npro1]my humble (city) 弊邑 (Zhou)
    鄙人  bǐ rén OC: prɯʔ njin MC: pi ȵin 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPhumble fellow (Han Dynasty)Zhang Heng 鄙夫寡識 ( 東京賦, WX 3/134) [JP]
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the rustic person
    不腆  bù tiǎn OC: pɯʔ thɯɯnʔ MC: pi̯ut then 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNmy impoverished
    亡臣  wáng chén OC: maŋ ɡjiŋ MC: mi̯ɐŋ dʑin 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]your doomed humble servant
    鄙臣  bǐ chén OC: prɯʔ ɡjiŋ MC: pi dʑin 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]vulgar slave
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]:adNI, your rustic servant
    官臣  guān chén OC: koon ɡjiŋ MC: kʷɑn dʑin 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]your official and humble servant
    使臣  shǐ chén OC: srɯʔ ɡjiŋ MC: ʂɨ dʑin 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N]pronominalme your envoy servant
    婢子  bì zǐ OC: beʔ sklɯʔ MC: biɛ tsɨ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, your servant
    厥  jué OC: kod MC: ki̯ɐt 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nadNpronominalmy (as used by a person construing himself as being in superior position)
    亡人  wáng rén OC: maŋ njin MC: mi̯ɐŋ ȵin 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, who have left my country
    愚  yú OC: ŋo MC: ŋi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN.][post=npro1]the stupid one, I (Han)
    • vadNpronominalmy humble, my inept 愚計
    賤子  jiàn zǐ OC: dzens sklɯʔ MC: dziɛn tsɨ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the vulgar fellow
    焉  yān OC: qran MC: ʔiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npro.postVt於+nproto me
    舍  shè OC: lʰas MC: ɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • npr[post=npro1]abbreviation of Shīshè, here used in pronominal function
    朕身  zhèn shēn OC: rlɯmʔ qhjin MC: ɖim ɕin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPprohonorificmy body > I, the Emperor
    君子  jūn zǐ OC: klun sklɯʔ MC: ki̯un tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominal use(I) a nobleman
    躬  gōng OC: kʷɯŋ MC: kuŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1]I (physically); my body/person
    鄙  bǐ OC: prɯʔ MC: pi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN1.][post=npro1:]adN2my humble
    我寡人  wǒ guǎ rén OC: ŋaalʔ kʷraaʔ njin MC: ŋɑ kɣɛ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI
    台小子  tāi xiǎo zǐ OC: lʰɯɯ smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: thəi siɛu tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI, the little child
    余膺  yú yīng MC: yo 'ing  OC: la qɯŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI, from my heartCH
    使者  shǐ zhě OC: srɯʔ kljaʔ MC: ʂɨ tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1.]postVtme, as an envoy
    孤遺  gū yí OC: kʷaa k-lul MC: kuo̝ ji 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP{PASS}[adN][.post=npro1]I, the bereaved orphan
    天子  tiān zǐ OC: lʰiin sklɯʔ MC: then tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPquasi-pronominalI, the Son of Heaven; me, the Son of Heaven
    夫子  fū zǐ OC: pa sklɯʔ MC: pi̯o tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your Master
    大師  dà shī OC: daads sril MC: dɑi ʂi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your grand master
    累臣  lěi chén OC: rolʔ ɡjiŋ MC: liɛ dʑin
    纍臣  léi chén OC: rul ɡjiŋ MC: li dʑin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]léi chén: your fettered humble servant
    予末小子  yú mò xiǎo zǐ OC: la maad smewʔ sklɯʔ MC: ji̯ɤ mʷɑt siɛu tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro+V{PRED}I, the small child last in line
    吾小人  wú xiǎo rén OC: ŋaa smewʔ njin MC: ŋuo̝ siɛu ȵin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI, a petty man,
    兄弟  xiōng dì OC: qhʷraŋ liilʔ MC: hɣaŋ dei 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your brother (Qing)
    吾一身  wú yī shēn OC: ŋaa qliɡ qhjin MC: ŋuo̝ ʔit ɕin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI myself (as one person, alone)
    我己  wǒ jǐ MC: ngaX kiX OC: ŋaalʔ kɯʔ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP{pro}my very selfCH
    嗣子  sì zǐ OC: sɢlɯs sklɯʔ MC: zɨ tsɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, my father's heir
    吾邊  wú biān OC: ŋaa peen MC: ŋuo̝ pen 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1.]postVtmy side> me (here)
    愚臣  yú chén OC: ŋo ɡjiŋ MC: ŋi̯o dʑin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1:]adNyour stupid servant's
    下妾  xià qiè OC: ɢraaʔ skheb MC: ɦɣɛ tshiɛp 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your humble concubine ZUO
    真我  zhēn wǒ OC: tjin ŋaalʔ MC: tɕin ŋɑ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicaltrue ego
    纍臣  léi chén OC: rul ɡjiŋ MC: li dʑin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your tied-up slave, prisoner
    女  nǚ MC: nrjoX OC: naʔ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your daughterDS
    在下  zài xià OC: sɡɯɯʔ ɢraaʔ MC: dzəi ɦɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]I, the one below (Song)
    己  jǐ OC: kɯʔ MC: kɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • nproI myself
    老師  lǎo shī OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sril MC: lɑu ʂi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, the old monk; I, the teacher
    徒  tú OC: daa MC: duo̝ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]I, the student/ disciple
    我者  wǒ zhě OC: ŋaalʔ kljaʔ MC: ŋɑ tɕɣɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalthe Self
    我一人  wǒ yī rén OC: ŋaalʔ qliɡ njin MC: ŋɑ ʔit ȵin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI, the king
    愚暗生  yú àn shēng OC: ŋo qɯɯms sraaŋ MC: ŋi̯o ʔəm ʂɣaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, a stupid and benighted student
    盲臣  máng chén MC: -- dzyin OC: mraaŋ ɡjiŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-Npro2.post=Npro1]I, your blind servant/subjectCH
    匹夫  pǐ fū OC: phid pa MC: phit pi̯o 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]pronominalI, an ordinary fellow
    使人  shǐ rén OC: srɯʔ njin MC: ʂɨ ȵin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N.][post=npro1]I, the emissary
    老漢  lǎo hàn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhlaans MC: lɑu hɑn 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]semipronoun modified by a demonstrative pronouns: I, this old fellow
    • NP[post=npro1]unmodifiedI, the old fellow
    刑臣  xíng chén OC: ɡeeŋ ɡjiŋ MC: ɦeŋ dʑin 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the eunuch
    執事  zhí shì OC: tjib dzrɯs MC: tɕip ɖʐɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]I, the person in charge
    小僧  xiǎo sēng OC: smewʔ sɯɯŋ MC: siɛu səŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the monk of minor importance; I, the insifnificant monk
    相  xiāng MC: sjang OC: sqaŋ
    相  xiāng MC: sjang OC: sqaŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • npro{OBJ}+Vtme
    小兒  xiǎo ér MC: sjewX nye OC: smewʔ ŋje 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I the [little and unworthy] sonDS
    余心  yú xīn OC: la slɯm MC: ji̯ɤ sim 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpromy heart> I, in my heart
    鄙夫之子  bǐ fū zhī zǐ MC: pijX pju tsyi tsiX OC: prɯʔ pa kljɯ sklɯʔ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI, son of a humble ordinary manCH
    老  lǎo OC: ɡ-ruuʔ MC: lɑu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, as an old lady
    山人  shān rén OC: sreen njin MC: ʂɣɛn ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the mountain-dweller (14th-16 century A.D.)
    下走  xià zǒu OC: ɢraaʔ tsooʔ MC: ɦɣɛ tsu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, lowliest of runners (Han dynasty)
    小弟  xiǎo dì OC: smewʔ liilʔ MC: siɛu dei 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, little younger brother (Tang)
    小我  xiǎo wǒ OC: smewʔ ŋaalʔ MC: siɛu ŋɑ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI, the little one
    小才  xiǎo cái OC: smewʔ sɡɯɯ MC: siɛu dzəi 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the talentess person (7th-9th century A.D.)
    老衲  lǎo nà OC: ɡ-ruuʔ nuub MC: lɑu nəp 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the old wearer of rags
    學生  xué shēng OC: ɡruuɡ sraaŋ MC: ɦɣɔk ʂɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, you student (Ming)
    阿奴  ā nú OC: qlaal naa MC: ʔɑ nuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, the female slave (self-effacing pronoun used by women from Song times onwards; note that during the Tang the pronoun was used by men and women, e.g. in BIANWEN)
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]male of femaleyour slave
    圉臣  yǔ chén OC: ŋaʔ ɡjiŋ MC: ŋi̯ɤ dʑin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, your groom
    小可人  xiǎo kě rén OC: smewʔ khlaalʔ njin MC: siɛu khɑ ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the good-for-little
    老身  lǎo shēn OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhjin MC: lɑu ɕin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, your old hag of a woman (12th-13th A.D.)
    吾家  wú jiā OC: ŋaa kraa MC: ŋuo̝ kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI for my part
    洒家  sǎ jiā OC: sqrees kraa MC: ʂɣɛ kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominaldialect word: I (Ming)
    小民  xiǎo mín OC: smewʔ min MC: siɛu min 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the little fellow
    鄙老  bǐ lǎo OC: prɯʔ ɡ-ruuʔ MC: pi lɑu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]vulgar old man (??)
    愚兄  yú xiōng OC: ŋo qhʷraŋ MC: ŋi̯o hɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your stupid elder brother (Tang)
    貧賤  pín jiàn OC: brɯn dzens MC: bin dziɛn 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]my impoverished and humble person
    卑職  bēi zhí OC: pe kljɯɡ MC: piɛ tɕɨk 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]humble official (Qing)
    微臣  wēi chén OC: mɯl ɡjiŋ MC: mɨi dʑin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, humble servant SSXY
    為父  wéi fù OC: ɢʷal baʔ MC: ɦiɛ bi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]I, your father
    小生  xiǎo shēng OC: smewʔ sraaŋ MC: siɛu ʂɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, little student (Song)
    魚  yú OC: ŋɡla MC: ŋi̯ɤ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nproI
    愚妹  yú mèi OC: ŋo mɯɯds MC: ŋi̯o muo̝i 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]stupid younger sister (Qing)
    小的  xiǎo dì OC: smewʔ p-leewɡ MC: siɛu tek 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the little one (Yuan)
    阿母  ā mǔ OC: qlaal mɯʔ MC: ʔɑ mu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your mother
    愚弟  yú dì OC: ŋo liilʔ MC: ŋi̯o dei 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]stupid younger brother (Tang)
    小老  xiǎo lǎo OC: smewʔ ɡ-ruuʔ MC: siɛu lɑu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, little old fellow (Ming)
    你兒子  nǐ ér zǐ OC: m-lɯʔ ŋje sklɯʔ MC: ɳɨ ȵiɛ tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpost=npropronominal你兒子我一定能考上的 （in 歷史折轉中的鄧小平）
    新婦  xīn fù OC: siŋ buʔ MC: sin bɨu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP(post-N.)adVpronominalI, as a new wife
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your new wife
    儂家  nóng jiā OC: nuuŋ kraa MC: nuo̝ŋ kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
    • 《古尊宿語要》代詞研究 Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào dàicí yánjiū A Study of the Pronouns in Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào Wuhan daxue xueshu congshu 武漢大學學樹叢書 ( LU LIEHONG 1998A) p. 19

      Syntactic words
    • NPprodialectthis pronoun originated after the Six Dyn. period and is of Southern origin (Wú 吳 dialect, examples in JINSHU and 樂府 literature)YUPIAN: 儂，吳人稱我是也。
    奴家  nú jiā OC: naa kraa MC: nuo̝ kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]JINPINGMEI: I, the slavish fellow (Ming)
    • NP{N1adN2}pronominalslave (Tang)
    我儂  wǒ nóng OC: ŋaalʔ nuuŋ MC: ŋɑ nuo̝ŋ 0 AttributionsWD
    • 《古尊宿語要》代詞研究 Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào dàicí yánjiū A Study of the Pronouns in Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào Wuhan daxue xueshu congshu 武漢大學學樹叢書 ( LU LIEHONG 1998A) p. 19

      Syntactic words
    • NPprodialectthis pronoun originated after the Six Dyn. period and is of Southern origin (Wú 吳 dialect, examples in JINSHU and 樂府 literature)YUPIAN: 儂，吳人稱我是也。
    兒子  ér zǐ OC: ŋje sklɯʔ MC: ȵiɛ tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD

    I [your child]

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-N.][post=npro1]I, your son
    兒家  ér jiā OC: ŋje kraa MC: ȵiɛ kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD

    I [your daughter]

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]colloquial first person pronoun (Tang, Five Dyn. periods; examples in YOUXIANKU and BIANWEN)
    孽海花  niè hǎi huā OC: ŋred hmlɯɯʔ hŋʷraal MC: ŋiɛt həi hɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    君之臣  jūn zhī chén OC: klun kljɯ ɡjiŋ MC: ki̯un tɕɨ dʑin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    奴才  nú cái OC: naa sɡɯɯ MC: nuo̝ dzəi 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the slave
    是我  shì wǒ OC: ɡljeʔ ŋaalʔ MC: dʑiɛ ŋɑ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPprosubjectfirst person pronoun (是 originally giving emphasis to pronoun 我, however during the Tang the phrase seems to be often used as compound and 是 became semantically very weak)
    不佞  bù nìng OC: pɯʔ neeŋs MC: pi̯ut neŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)}pronominalI, the tongue-tied one (Tang)
    乃公  nǎi gōng OC: nɯɯʔ klooŋ MC: nəi kuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpoliteI, your lord (Han dynasty)
    本人  běn rén OC: pɯɯnʔ njin MC: puo̝n ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, this very person (19th cent.)
    下  xià OC: ɢraaʔ MC: ɦɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]N=speakerI, the humble one
    乘  chéng OC: ɢjɯŋ MC: ʑɨŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npronominalI, whom you control (6th-9th century A.D.)
    老人  lǎo rén OC: ɡ-ruuʔ njin MC: lɑu ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the old man
    下官  xià guān OC: ɢraaʔ koon MC: ɦɣɛ kʷɑn 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the person holding low office
    佛  fó OC: bɯd MC: bi̯ut 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro1]I, the Buddha ??? [THIS IS JUST A REMINDER THAT WE MUST VERIFY THAT THIS REALLY NEVER OCCURS.]
    邊人  biān rén OC: peen njin MC: pen ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the border guard
    俺  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nproShanxi dialect: I (Ming) read: ǎn
    俺  yàn OC: qoms MC: ʔi̯ɐm 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproread: ǎn zān "I" (宋 周密 《癸辛雜識別集‧物外平章》引無名氏《散經名物外平章》：“姓名標在青史，卻干俺咱甚事？” 金 董解元 《西廂記諸宮調》卷五：“誰知後來遇群賊，子母無計皆受死，難閃避。恁時節，是俺咱可憐見你那裏！”)
    倪  ní MC: ngej OC: -- 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nprocolloquialdialect: ICH
    老僕  lǎo pú OC: ɡ-ruuʔ booɡ MC: lɑu buk 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, old servant (Song)
    儂  nóng OC: nuuŋ MC: nuo̝ŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nprodialectSouthern dialect: (Six Dynasties)
    兒  ér OC: ŋje MC: ȵiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]I, your son 琵琶記
    草民  cǎo mín OC: tshuuʔ min MC: tshɑu min 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the weed-like person (12th-13th century A.D.)
    而公  ér gōng OC: njɯ klooŋ MC: ȵɨ kuŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, your lord (Han)
    下愚  xià yú OC: ɢraaʔ ŋo MC: ɦɣɛ ŋi̯o 0 AttributionsWD

      Syntactic words
    • NP{v1&v2(.adN)}pronominalI, lowliest of stupid people (7th-9th century A.D. ?)
    小婦人  xiǎo fù rén OC: smewʔ buʔ njin MC: siɛu bɨu ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, little wife (Yuan)
    不才  bù cái OC: pɯʔ sɡɯɯ MC: pi̯ut dzəi 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP{vt{NEG}+V(.adN)}pronominalI, talentless person (Tang)
    貧僧  pín sēng OC: brɯn sɯɯŋ MC: bin səŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the poor monk (Tang)
    奴  nú OC: naa MC: nuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]I, your slave SSXY
    末學  mò xué OC: maad ɡruuɡ MC: mʷɑt ɦɣɔk 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]I, the late-comer to studying (Song)
    末將  mò jiàng OC: maad skaŋs MC: mʷɑt tsi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, insignificant general (Tang)
    老娘  lǎo niáng OC: ɡ-ruuʔ mɢraŋ MC: lɑu ɳi̯ɐŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the old woman in the house
    媖  yīng OC: qraŋ MC: ʔɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nprofeminineof ladies: I (SHUOWEN 媖女人自稱我也.)
    老子  lǎo zǐ OC: ɡ-ruuʔ sklɯʔ MC: lɑu tsɨ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I
    寒  hán OC: ɡaan MC: ɦɑn 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vadNmy 寒舍
    賤人  jiàn rén OC: dzens njin MC: dziɛn ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproI, the vulgar person (Tang)
    弟  dì OC: liilʔ MC: dei 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post-npro1.][post=npro2]I, younger brother (Tang)
    某乙  mǒu yǐ OC: mooʔ qriɡ MC: mu ʔit 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the second-rate one (7th-9th century A.D.)
    老拙  lǎo zhuō OC: ɡ-ruuʔ kljod MC: lɑu tɕiɛt 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]I, old stupid one (Song)
    孩兒  hái ér OC: ɡɯɯ ŋje MC: ɦəi ȵiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the little child (12th-13th century A.D.)
    人家  rén jiā OC: njin kraa MC: ȵin kɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalin modern Chinese, read rénjia0 with toneless second syllable: coquettish "I" see GRACE ZHANG 2010 p. 39
    小老兒  xiǎo lǎo ér OC: smewʔ ɡ-ruuʔ ŋje MC: siɛu lɑu ȵiɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I [insignificant old person]
    卑人  bēi rén OC: pe njin MC: piɛ ȵin 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the humble person (Han)
    老朽  lǎo xiǔ OC: ɡ-ruuʔ qhuʔ MC: lɑu hɨu 0 AttributionsWD

    I, old and rotting away as I am

      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN.][post=npro1]I, old rotten one (Song)
    賤妾  jiàn qiè OC: dzens skheb MC: dziɛn tshiɛp 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, your vulgar concubine (2nd cent. B.C. - 2nd cent. A.D.)
    予有  yú yǒu OC: la ɢʷɯʔ MC: ji̯ɤ ɦɨu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNmy
    鄙夫  bǐ fū OC: prɯʔ pa MC: pi pi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the vulgar fellow
    為人臣者  wéi rén chén zhě OC: ɢʷal njin ɡjiŋ kljaʔ MC: ɦiɛ ȵin dʑin tɕɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalas a minister, I
    民  mín OC: min MC: min 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • n[post=npro1]I, the humble commoner
    老爺  lǎo yé OC: ɡ-ruuʔ la MC: lɑu jɣɛ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, the old man in the house
    生  shēng OC: sraaŋ MC: ʂɣaŋ 0 AttributionsWD

    zōu shēng

      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]book-boy (??)
    父皇我  fù huáng wǒ OC: baʔ ɡʷaaŋ ŋaalʔ MC: bi̯o ɦɑŋ ŋɑ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpronominalI, your father, the emperor
    小可  xiǎo kě OC: smewʔ khlaalʔ MC: siɛu khɑ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I, little ordinary fellow (11th-12th century A.D.)
    賤民  jiàn mín OC: dzens min MC: dziɛn min 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I SSXY
    小奴  xiǎo nú OC: smewʔ naa MC: siɛu nuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post=npro1]I [the little slave]
    小妾  xiǎo qiè OC: smewʔ skheb MC: siɛu tshiɛp 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[post-npro2.][post=npro1]I, little concubine (Song)