GENEROUS    恩惠惠

HABITUALLY GIVE of one's WEALTH to THOSE WHO NEED it.
GENEROSITYLIBERALLAVISHMAGNANIMOUSMUNIFICENTGIVINGOPENHANDEDFREE-HANDEDBOUNTIFULUNSELFISHUNGRUDGINGFREEINDULGENTPRODIGALLITERARY BOUNTEOUSLIBERALITYLAVISHNESSMAGNANIMITYMUNIFICENCEOPENHANDEDNESSFREE-HANDEDNESSUNSELFISHNESSKINDNESSBENEVOLENCEALTRUISMCHARITYBIG-HEARTEDNESSGOODNESSLITERARY BOUNTEOUSNESS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. Probably the most general word for generosity is huì 惠 (ant. sè 嗇 "stingy, ungenerous"), and this refers to any kind of emotional as well as material munificence by a person of superior status. 2. Hòu 厚 (ant. báo 薄 "less than ample") refers to generosity of treatment which is not necessarily directed towards inferiors. 3. Shī 施 focuses on the very activity involved in generous treatment of others, and the subject of this activitiy is normally a person of superior status. 4. E!n 恩 (ant. chóu 仇 "hostile attitude") refers primarily to an attitude or disposition (typically on the part of a person of superior status) to be generous. 5. Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status. 6. Kuān 寬 and the rarer guǎng 廣 can refer to a general disposition towards non-narrow and broadly directed generosity. 7. Zhān 霑 refers to receiving the benefits of generosity and is thus marginal in this group, and the word is rare. NB: Kāng kǎi 慷慨 refers to generousity with one's resources, but the usage is first attested in Ming novels.
Modern Chinese Criteria
恩惠 恩典 恩德 恩澤 恩情 恩遇 恩寵 德澤 雨露 人情 好處 嘉惠 春暉 恩 惠 德 恩光渥澤 大恩 宏恩 大德 隆恩 殊遇 大恩大德 雨露之恩 小惠 甜頭 小恩小惠 活命之恩 救命之恩 再造之恩 再生之恩 不斬之恩 好說 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH
Hyponym
  • HOSPITALITY　POLITE GENEROSITY FOR FOREIGNERS, STRANGERS OR GUESTS. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • GRACE　GENEROSITY AND FORGIVENESS of DEITIES. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
  • PATRON　SOMEONE WHO IS CONSTANTLY GENEROUS TO WHAT HE BELIEVES IS A GOOD PERSON. (anc: 14/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • FRUGALMODERATE in USING MONEY AND PROPERTY.
  • PUNISHRESTRAIN OR DAMAGE a CULPRIT BECAUSE of his/her CRIMES.
  • STINGYEXCESSIVELY FRUGAL.
See also
  • FORGIVEPROMISE someone one ASSUMES to be GUILTY of a CRIME OR MISTAKE which OFFENDS ONE so as to SAY that one WILL NOT HATE THAT PERSON BECAUSE of that CRIME OR MISTAKE.
  • LOVEINTENSE AND OFTEN PARTIAL DESIRE to be INTIMATE with a PERSON OR to POSSESS a THING.
  • BENEVOLENCEVIRTUE in the form of an ENDURING LOVE for OTHERS AND a DESIRE to HELP OTHERS.
Hypernym
  • GIVE　CAUSE someone TO POSSESS in the FUTURE what one POSSESSES at PRESENT. (anc: 12/0, child: 13)
  • CAUSE TO　MOVE in SUCH a way that THEREFORE someone or something else CHANGES. (anc: 11/0, child: 18)
  • MOVE　CHANGE PLACE OR SITUATION. (anc: 10/0, child: 21)
  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 473

    BENEFICIUM ex benevolentia datum alicui aliquid, per qvod illi bene sit. Tria ergo conc. 1. Indigens aliqvis. 2. indigentiam explens. 3. interveniens utrinqve benevolentia. Factum enim ab invito non reputatur beneficium, nec datum malevolo animo.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    GENEROUS

    Largus refers to anyone who makes a rich present to anyone of any kind.

    benignus refers to someone who follows a pure impaulse of humanity, love towards his fellow men in making rich presents.

    liberalis refers to someone who, as a result of a prou feeling of self-respect feels inclined to show generosity.

    munificus refers to someone who is amply generous in generous out the the goodness of his heart, and with a deep desire to do good to others.

    GENEROUS

    prodigus refers to prodigality inasmuch as someone disregards monetary considerations.

    profusus refers to produgality insofar as something thinks of nothing as being too expensive as long as it can minister to his pleasures, from levity of character.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 361

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 99

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 181

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    BENEFICENTIA

    CHARITAS

    FAVOR

    LIBERALITAS

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 50

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 172

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.1063

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.187

  • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no.17/20

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 63A

    • Words (45 items)

    惠  huì OC: ɢʷiids MC: ɦei 51 Attributions

    Probably the most general word for generosity is huì 惠 (ant. sè 嗇 "stingy, ungenerous"), and this refers to any kind of emotional as well as material munificence by a person of superior status.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Contrast: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Contrast: 恩/GENEROUS Ēn 恩 (ant. chóu 仇 "hostile attitude") refers primarily to an attitude or disposition (typically on the part of a person of superior status) to be generous.
    • Contrast: 利/PROFIT Lì 利 (1. ant. yì 義 "considerations of rectitude"(!!); 2. ant. hài 害 "damage and loss suffered") refers to material profit.
    • Assoc: 愛/LOVE The clearly dominant word referring to love is ài 愛 (ant. hèn 恨 "dislike"; rarely zēng 憎 "dislike"; and wù 惡 "hate"), and this word refers both to the feelings of love and to the expression of love in loving care for another person as well as in sexual relations. (Occasionally, the word may refer to the emotional preference that a small child feels for its parents. For this meaning see PREFER.)

      Syntactic words
    • nabpublic (often demonstrative) generosity (usually on a large scale); act of generosity MOVE TO GENEROUS NAB
    • nabactact(s) of public generosity
    • nabpost-NN's generosityDS
    • nabpsychgenerosity of heart
    • vadNgenerous
    • vadVgenerously; gracefully
    • viactbe generous
    • vtoNbe generous towards
    德  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək
    得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 42 Attributions

    Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Ant: 怨/HATE Yuàn 怨 is resentment due to identified concrete causes, and the emotion is typically directed towards superiors or equals.
    • Object: 布/ISSUE
    • Assoc: 澤/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Oppos: 威/POWER The dominant general words for power are wēi 威 "formidable authority" and shì 勢 "strategic position of power".

      Syntactic words
    • nabactacts of benign good-will and generosity
    • nabdispositionovert charismatic generosity, ability to display magnanimity; goodwill
    • nabstativegood relations, mutual charismatic good will; good will; favourable attitude
    • viactshow benign generosity and goodness in action
    • vt(oN)show generosity towards the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Nbe generous towards
    • vtoNbe generous towards
    • vtoNpsychfeel well-disposed towards, have warm feelings towards; build up warm feelings fowards; build up good relations with
    施  shī OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ 37 Attributions

    Shī 施 focuses on the very activity involved in generous treatment of others, and the subject of this activitiy is normally a person of superior status.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 怨/HATE Yuàn 怨 is resentment due to identified concrete causes, and the emotion is typically directed towards superiors or equals.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.adNthat of generosityLZ
    • nabactacts of generosity; kinds of generosity; generous support
    • nabpsychologicalgenerosityCH
    • vadNgenerously supplied
    • viactshow generosity in action
    • viimperativebe generous!
    • vt+prep+Nshow generosity towards, be beneficial towards; cultivate through generosity
    • vt[oN]show generousity to people; give generous handouts to people
    • vtoNgive alms to, support with generosity
    • vtoNmiddle voicereceive generosity
    厚  hòu OC: ɡoos MC: ɦu 27 Attributions

    Hòu 厚 (ant. báo 薄 "less than ample") refers to generosity of treatment which is not necessarily directed towards inferiors.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 薄/WEAK Bào 薄 (ant. zhuàng 壯 "strong and vigorous") can refer to a low or weak intensity of something.
    • Ant: 薄/STINGY

      Syntactic words
    • nabactmoral generosity
    • nabdispositiongenerosity; munificence; lavishness
    • vadNabundant, lavish; generous
    • vadVgenerously; sumptuously; richly;  amply
    • vibe generous (in temperament)
    • viactgenerous in attitude and action; be substantial (of rewards etc); be lavish
    • vpostadVgenerously, with abundant generosity; extensively
    • vt+prep+Ngradedbe more lavish, be more generous than
    • vt+prep+Npsychbe generous towards (oneself)
    • vtoNbe generous with regard to
    • vtoNcausativemake lavish (salaries etc); increase the size of
    恩  ēn OC: qɯɯn MC: ʔən 21 Attributions

    Ēn 恩 (ant. chóu 仇 "hostile attitude") refers primarily to an attitude or disposition (typically on the part of a person of superior status) to be generous.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Contrast: 惠/GENEROUS Probably the most general word for generosity is huì 惠 (ant. sè 嗇 "stingy, ungenerous"), and this refers to any kind of emotional as well as material munificence by a person of superior status.
    • Assoc: 澤/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.

      Syntactic words
    • nab[.post-N]actone's generosity in actionCH
    • nabacta significant generous action by a benefactor 恩不甚
    • nabdispositiongenerous loving concern;gracious generosity by superiors, primarily as an attitude, but occasionally also as manifested in action: generous gratuitous favours; emotional good-will, emotional ties; Hanfei: gratuitous kindness
    布施  bù shī OC: paas lʰal MC: puo̝ ɕiɛ 16 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactBUDDH: giving, making offerings (to the Buddha or the monks/nuns); SANSKRIT dāna[pāramitā]
    • VPiactbe generous in action BUDDH: to practice generosity/charity, to give alms (one of the Six Perfections of a Bodhisattva, see liùdù 六度); SANSKRIT dāna
    慈惠  cí huì OC: dzɯ ɢʷiids MC: dzɨ ɦei 13 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactdevoted generosityCH
    • NPabconceptnotion of love and careDS
    • NPabdispositionloving and caring generosity
    • VPadNmotivated by affectionate generosity
    • VPt[oN]be loving and generous (typically as a superior)
    寬裕  kuān yù OC: khoon k-loɡs MC: khʷɑn ji̯o 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabdispositiontolerance and generosity
    • VPiactpractice tolerant generosity
    幸  xìng OC: ɢreeŋʔ MC: ɦɣɛŋ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadVin polite formulae: gracefully; by your grace; kindly, generously　願大王幸V
    澤  zé OC: ɡrlaaɡ MC: ɖɣɛk 9 Attributions

    Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Assoc: 恩/GENEROUS Ēn 恩 (ant. chóu 仇 "hostile attitude") refers primarily to an attitude or disposition (typically on the part of a person of superior status) to be generous.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactgenerosityCH
    • nabdispositiongenerosity towards others; relations of mutual generosity
    • vt[oN1.]+prep+Nbe more generous to people N1 than N2 isCH
    能  néng OC: nɯɯŋ MC: nəŋ 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtreat well
    惠澤  huì zé OC: ɢʷiids ɡrlaaɡ MC: ɦei ɖɣɛk 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactgenerosityDCD: 猶恩澤。《漢書 ‧ 鄭崇傳》： " 朕幼而孤，皇太太后躬自養育，免于襁褓，教道以禮，至於成人，惠澤茂焉。 "
    裕  yù OC: k-loɡs MC: ji̯o 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychLIJI 14.11: large-mindedness
    • vadNbeing large-minded; generous
    • vibe generous
    • vtoNbe generous in respect to
    仁  rén OC: njin MC: ȵin 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychologicalmoral generosity
    • vishow moral generous concern
    • vtoNshow generous and virtuous concern for
    靡  mǐ OC: mralʔ MC: miɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe generous to
    施予  shī yǔ OC: lʰal laʔ MC: ɕiɛ ji̯ɤ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactgenerosity to others
    • VPitransitivebe prepared to give things away, be generous to others
    • VPtoNbe generous to
    廣大  guǎng dà OC: kʷaaŋʔ daads MC: kɑŋ dɑi 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychbroadness of mind, generosity, liberality
    • VPipsych/actbroad of mind, generous, liberalLZ
    廣  guǎng OC: kʷaaŋʔ MC: kɑŋ 2 Attributions

    Kuān 寬 and the rarer guǎng 廣 can refer to a general disposition towards non-narrow and broadly directed generosity.

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]nonreferentialthe generous
    • vadVgenerously
    • viactbe generous
    敦  dūn OC: tuun MC: tuo̝n 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vichangebecome generous
    幸而  xìng ér OC: ɢreeŋʔ njɯ MC: ɦɣɛŋ ȵɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPadVby your grace
    德者  dé zhě OC: tɯɯɡ kljaʔ MC: tək tɕɣɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactcharismatic generosity; charisma
    惠恤  huì xù OC: ɢʷiids sqʷiɡ MC: ɦei sʷit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativebe generous so as to show sympathy with
    恩澤  ēn zé MC: 'on draek OC: qɯɯn ɡrlaaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturegenerosityCH
    惠施  huì shī OC: ɢʷiids lʰal MC: ɦei ɕiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe generous to others
    • VPt(oN)distribute generously a contextually determinate object
    愛惠  ài huì OC: qɯɯds ɢʷiids MC: ʔəi ɦei 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactloving generosity
    慈恩  cí ēn OC: dzɯ qɯɯn MC: dzɨ ʔən 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactloving generosity
    周澤  zhōu zé OC: tjɯw ɡrlaaɡ MC: tɕɨu ɖɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfeelings of generosity and friendship (on the part of superiors towards inferiors)
    恩  ēn OC: qɯɯn MC: ʔən 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]be generous enough to V
    潤  rùn MC: -- OC: njuns 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmunificenceCH
    寬厚  kuān hòu OC: khoon ɡooʔ MC: khʷɑn ɦu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactgenerosity in action
    寬容  kuān róng OC: khoon k-loŋ MC: khʷɑn ji̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]act with generosity and tolerance
    綽  chuò OC: thjewɡ MC: tɕhi̯ɐk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe generous ???
    • vtoNcausativebe generous to
    恩德  ēn dé OC: qɯɯn tɯɯɡ MC: ʔən tək 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactacts of generosity
    霑  zhān OC: krlem MC: ʈiɛm 0 Attributions

    Zhān 霑 refers to receiving the benefits of generosity and is thus marginal in this group, and the word is rare.

      Syntactic words
    • vireceive munificence
    膏沐  gāo mù MC: -- buwk OC: koow mooɡ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe demonstratively generous CH
    慷慨  kǎng kài OC: khlaaŋʔ khɯɯds MC: khɑŋ khɑi 0 Attributions

    NB: Kāng kǎi 慷慨 refers to generousity with one's resources, but the usage is first attested in Ming novels.

      Syntactic words
    • VPiactbe generous in the use of one's resources for the benefit of others
    厚遇  hòu yù OC: ɡooʔ ŋos MC: ɦu ŋi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNtreat generously
    施心  shī xīn OC: lʰal slɯm MC: ɕiɛ sim 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychgenerosity
    見遇  jiàn yù OC: keens ŋos MC: ken ŋi̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)encounter a contextually determinate person; polite: (have the good fortune to) encounter (a person)
    不吝  bù lìn OC: pɯʔ rins MC: pi̯ut lin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNlitotesnot be stingy with>be generous with 不吝千金璧
    寬  kuān OC: khoon MC: khʷɑn 0 Attributions

    Kuān 寬 and the rarer guǎng 廣 can refer to a general disposition towards non-narrow and broadly directed generosity.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 鄙/VULGAR Bǐ 鄙 (ant. chóng 崇 "elevated") refers to rusticity and lack cultural polish typical of a person from outlying regions, a country bumpkin.

      Syntactic words
    • viactbe generous and liberal
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeaturegenerosityCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactmunificenceCH
    博施  bó shī OC: paaɡ lʰal MC: pɑk ɕiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabactwide-reaching generosity/beneficence
    義  yì OC: ŋrals MC: ŋiɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe generous and charitable in the performance of one's moral duty