SHIP    船

VEHICLE FOR TRANSPORT on WATER.
BOATVESSELCRAFT
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general term for any ship, large or small, is zhōu 舟. [The word occurs already in the oracle bone inscriptions and in SHIJING. According to some opinions it originally referred to the boat made of one piece of wood, but it is not certain. The earliest forms of the character resemble the small ship made already from several planks. Note that in Western Zhou times, ship also played certain role in some rituals performed by the king, which probably took place in the pool within royal palace. 2. Chuán 船／舡 is a colloquial general term for a ship which emerged in Warring States times and became current under the Han. The word can refer specifically to larger ships. The word is still unknown in LUNYU and ZUOZHUAN, where the only general term for a ship is still zhōu 舟. 3. Háng 杭／航 refers specifically to a ferry and became current first in Han times. (From the Warring States period, only the former character is known, the latter form came to be used in Han times. The word refers specifically to a ferry, but can be used also as a general term for a ship. 4. Sōu 艘 is another general word for a ship which was in use particularly from the Han till Tang, and it was usually used as a measure word for a ship. 5. Yú 俞 refers in SHUOWEN and HUAINANZI to the boat made of one piece of wood, the monoxylon. Whether the term referred to this type of boat in general already since early times is not certain. Note that one monoxylon (3,9 m long) dating from Shang times was found in Shandong province. 6. Bó 舶 originally referred specifically to the large sea ships of the foreign traders reaching Canton area. Later it came to refer generally to large or sea ship. 7. Fāng chuán 方船, fāng 舫 (the latter word first appeared in the Warring States period and became more current in Han times) refer to the double ship, ship consisting of two joined boats. This kind of ship could be used for various purposes (for transportation of goods or soldiers, as a warship, or to cross a river), and was in use at least from the Warring States period till Tang; the period during it most flourished was neverthless Jin dynasty. 8. Gě 舸 refers generally to a large ship; according to FANG YAN, in Han times the word was used in an area on the middle reaches of Chang jiang. 9. Biàn 艑 refers to the large ship, used probably mainly for transportation of goods, which was used in the middle and lower reaches of the Chang jiang. 10. Tà 榻 is the general word for a large ship, which was in use mainly from the North Southern dynasties till Tang period. 11. Cáo 艚 is the post-Buddhist word referring to the transportation ship. It was large and slow. 12. Líng (written like 舟令 ) refers specifically to the small ship with vindows. In the Warring States and Han period, it was in use particularly in the area of ancient states Wu and Yue. 13. Dāo 刀 / (written like 舟刀 ) refers to a small boat. The word occurs already in SHIJING. 14. Mù sù (written like 舟冒; 舟宿 chā 艖 ) all refer to the small and narrow boats, and according to FANG YAN, were used in the middle reaches of Chang jiang. 15. Tǐng 艇 refers to the boat even smaller than the previous, with space for one or two people. According to HUAINANZI, this was originally used in the area of Sichuan. 16. Qióng (written like 舟共 ) refers to the small boat used mainly in the middle reaches of the Chang jiang. 17. Lì 麗 refers to a small boat. The word occurs already in ZHUANGZI. 18. Dié 艓 refers to the small boat. 19. Zé měng 舴艋 refers to the small boat. 20. (I can not find a character in the dictionary: written like 舟鳥 ) refers to the small and narrow boat. 21. Sān yì 三翼 refers to the battleships which were in use in the southern states of Wu and Yue in Chunqiu and Warring States times. It seems that they were divided to three categories according to their size. According to Han sources, the largest ones had a space for 91 men, those of middle size for 50 men, and minor for 26 men. Note that the earliest ship battle is mentioned in ZUOZHUAN to 549 B.C., and it took place on a river; the first sea battle is dated to 484 B.C. As can be seen on pictorial presentations dating from the late Chunqiu and early Warring States period, ship battles esentially resembled battles on the earth; the ships pulled with oars came close one to the other and warriors staying on the higher board attacked enemies with arrows, halberds, and spears. 22. Yú huáng 余 / 艅皇 / 艎 was in Chunqiu times the name of the large battleship belonging to the kings of Wu. Later it came to be used as a general term for a large battleship. 23. Mào tū 冒突 came to use in the Eastern Han period and referred to the battleship which could directly clash into the ship of enemies. 24. Lóu chuán 樓船 refers to the battleship with several boards. These came to use already in the late Chunqiu period, and were used till Ming times. 25. Gē chuán 戈船 refers to the large battleship which was in use from the late Chunqiu till the Southern and Northern dynasties. It obtained its name from halberds and spears put on its board; perhaps general word for a battleship (???). 26. Méng chōng 艨童舟童 refers to a smaller battleship used to clash into the battleships of enemies. It has two boards, the lower for oarmen and higher for warriors; moreover it was covered with fresh oxen skins to defend firearrows of the enemies. In use since the Three Kingdoms. 27. Jiàn 艦 refers to the large battleship with wooden battlements which came to be used in the Three Kingdoms.
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 COMM 22. 窬，最早的船，是漁獵時代的獨木舟，屬生產工具。 舟，夏商時代盛行的小型木板船，主要也是生產工具。大約商周之際，舟船已有運輸之用，但其時和西周，春秋仍稱 “ 舟 ” ，此 “ 舟 ” 已是航運工具。 船，戰國時出現。文獻中 “ 舟、船 ” 並用，都是航運船總稱，其相對之別：舟，文言詞，多稱小船；船，口語詞，多稱大船。 COMM 23. FERRY 航，上古已見，渡船通稱；也作船的通稱，多指行駛的船。漢魏以後多作動詞義：濟渡和遠行。 艘，計船數的量詞；漢唐間常從計量角度作船的通稱。 舶，東南沿海對外來海船通稱，又作各種海船、大船的通稱。 COMM 24. 舸，又大又快的船；走舸可作突襲的輕捷戰船。 艑，宜於運貨載人，又扁又大的內河船，流行於長江中下游地區。 “[U+447d]” ，南北朝至唐代流行的對大船的渾稱。 “ 艚 ” ，漕運船，開始是雙體船，唐代起是較大的單體船，按照河運和海運的需要，使用不同的船種。
Modern Chinese Criteria
船 船舶 船只 舟楫 舟 艇 舫 輪 舡 小船 扁舟 划子 舴艋艇 大船 舶 舸 郵輪 郵船 輪船 火輪船 火輪 遊船 遊艇 遊舫 汽艇 快艇 摩托船 電船 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • RAFT　INTENSELY SMALL AND SIMPLE SHIP in the form of a ROW of BEAMS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • WARSHIP　SHIP USED IN WARFARE. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • TWIN-BODY SHIP　SHIP which HAS TWO LINKED PARTS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • LARGE SHIP　BIG SHIP. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • BOAT　SMALL SHIP. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
  • FLEET　PART of an ARMY CONTAINING SHIPS AND SAILORS. (anc: 8/0, child: 0)
Part of
  • ANCHORTOOL FOR FIXING THE PLACE:position of a SHIP AND BINDING it to the BOTTOM of the WATER. 
  • KEEL
  • MASTLONG VERTICAL BEAM FOR HANGING SAILS on, IN the MIDDLE of a SHIP.
  • RUDDER
  • SAIL
  • SHIP PART
  • STERN
Hypernym
  • VEHICLE　TOOL USED FOR TRAVELLING OR TRANSPORTING THINGS ACROSS LONG DISTANCES. (anc: 6/0, child: 8)
  • TOOL　ARTEFACT PRODUCED FOR USE USING a DEFINED METHOD. (anc: 5/0, child: 53)
  • ARTEFACT　THING PRODUCED by MAN. (anc: 4/0, child: 26)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 10.81

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 10.83

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    SHIP

    navigium is the most general word for a ship of any kind.

    navis refers to an ordinary shp for distant voyages.

    celox, lembus and liburna are boats which may be manned and armed for service in war.

    scapha, cumba and and the long and narrow canoe-like linter are skiffs and wherries, intended merely for short distances or for crossing over.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 50

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 1

    船／舟

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 846

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 248

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.822

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1255

  • 中國文化史三百題 ( SANBAITI 1987) p. 224-228

  • 漢代無知文化資料圖說 ( SUN JI) p. 121

  • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 77

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.331

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 156

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 130A

    • Words (28 items)

    舟  zhōu OC: kljiw MC: tɕɨu 29 Attributions

    The general term for any ship, large or small, is zhōu 舟. [The word occurs already in the oracle bone inscriptions and in SHIJING. According to some opinions it originally referred to the boat made of one piece of wood, but it is not certain. The earliest forms of the character resemble the small ship made already from several planks. . Note that in Western Zhou times, ship also played certain role in some rituals performed by the king, which probably took place in the pool within royal palace.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 杭 / 航/SHIP Háng 杭／航 refers specifically to a ferry and became current first in Han times. (From the Warring States period, only the former character is known, the latter form came to be used in Han times. The word refers specifically to a ferry, but can be used also as a general term for a ship.
    • Assoc: 輿/VEHICLE Yú 輿 refers originally to the compartment xiāng 箱 of the carriage, but came to be used as a general term for a carriage used for transporting people. See CARRIAGE

      Syntactic words
    • n(post-N)the ship of the contextually determinate N; my shipDS
    • nfigurative"boat"
    • ngeneralship; ferry
    • viactserve as a boat (?)
    船  chuán OC: ɢljon MC: ʑiɛn 20 Attributions

    Chuán 船／舡 is a colloquial general term for a ship which emerged in Warring States times and became current under the Han. The word can refer specifically to larger ships. The word is still unknown in LUNYU and ZUOZHUAN, where the only general term for a ship is still zhōu 舟.

      Syntactic words
    • nboat, ship
    船  chuán OC: ɢljon MC: ʑiɛn 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nship
    • nadVby boat; travelling by boatCH
    舟航  zhōu háng OC: kljiw ɡaaŋ MC: tɕɨu ɦɑŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPwater transport of any kind
    • NPnonreferentialships of all kinds
    杭  háng OC: ɡaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ
    航  háng OC: ɡaaŋ MC: ɦɑŋ 2 Attributions

    Háng 杭／航 refers specifically to a ferry and became current first in Han times. (From the Warring States period, only the former character is known, the latter form came to be used in Han times. The word refers specifically to a ferry, but can be used also as a general term for a ship.

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 舟/SHIP The general term for any ship, large or small, is zhōu 舟. [The word occurs already in the oracle bone inscriptions and in SHIJING. According to some opinions it originally referred to the boat made of one piece of wood, but it is not certain. The earliest forms of the character resemble the small ship made already from several planks. . Note that in Western Zhou times, ship also played certain role in some rituals performed by the king, which probably took place in the pool within royal palace.

      Syntactic words
    • nany ship
    • na ship made up of two minor boats linked togetherCH
    舲船  líng chuán OC: ɡ-reeŋ ɢljon MC: leŋ ʑiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnon-general: boat
    舫  fǎng OC: paŋs MC: pi̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    Fāng chuán 方 船, fǎng 舫 (the latter word first appeared in the Warring States period and became more current in Han times) refer to the double ship, ship consisting of two joined boats. This kind of ship could be used for various purposes (for transportation of goods or soldiers, as a warship, or to cross a river), and was in use at least from the Warring States period till Tang; the period during it most flourished was neverthless Jin dynasty.

      Syntactic words
    舶  bó OC: braaɡ MC: bɣɛk 0 Attributions

    Bó 舶 originally referred specifically to the large sea ships of the foreign traders reaching Canton area. Later it came to refer generally to large or sea ship.

      Syntactic words
    舸  gě OC: klaalʔ MC: kɑ 0 Attributions

    Gě 舸 refers generally to a large ship; according to FANG YAN, in Han times the word was used in an area on the middle reaches of Chang jiang.

      Syntactic words
    艇  tǐng OC: deeŋʔ MC: deŋ 0 Attributions

    Tǐng 艇 refers to the boat even smaller than the previous, with space for one or two people. According to HUAINANZI, this was originally used in the area of Sichuan.

      Syntactic words
    艑  biàn OC: beenʔ MC: ben 0 Attributions

    Biàn 艑 refers to the large ship, used probably mainly for transportation of goods, which was used in the middle and lower reaches of the Chang jiang.

      Syntactic words
    艓  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    Dié 艓 refers to the small boat.

      Syntactic words
    艘  sōu OC: suu MC: seu 0 Attributions

    Sōu 艘 is another general word for a ship which was in use particularly from the Han till Tang, and it was usually used as a measure word for a ship.

      Syntactic words
    • nSHUOYUAN: general term for ship
    艚  cáo OC: dzuu MC: dzɑu 0 Attributions

    Cáo 艚is the post-Buddhist word referring to the transportation ship. It was large and slow.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1336 - 1337

      Syntactic words
    艦  jiàn OC: ɡraamʔ MC: ɦɣam 0 Attributions

    Jiàn 艦 refers to the large battleship with wooden battlements which came to be used in the Three Kingdoms.

      Syntactic words
    艫  lú OC: ɡ-raa MC: luo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nHANSHU, WUDIJI: prow of a ship or boat; also occasionally used to refer to the stern of a ship
    麗  lì OC: b-reels MC: lei 0 Attributions

    Lì 麗 refers to a small boat. The word occurs already in ZHUANGZI.

      Syntactic words
    舴艨  zé méng OC: rtaaɡ mooŋ MC: ʈɣɛk muŋ 0 Attributions

    Zé méng 舴 艋 refers to the small boat.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1341 - 1342

      Syntactic words
    艅艎  yú huáng OC: la ɡʷaaŋ MC: ji̯ɤ ɦɑŋ 0 Attributions

    Yú huáng 余/ 艅皇/ 艎 was in Chunqiu times the name of the large battleship belonging to the kings of Wu. Later it came to be used as a general term for a large battleship.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1345 - 1346

      Syntactic words
    俞  yú OC: lo MC: ji̯o 0 Attributions

    Yú 俞 refers in SHUOWEN and HUAINANZI to the boat made of one piece of wood, the monoxylon. Whether the term referred to this type of boat in general already since early times is not certain. Note that one monoxylon (3,9 m long) dating from Shang times was found in Shandong province.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1316 - 1317

      Syntactic words
    刀  dāo OC: k-laaw MC: tɑu 0 Attributions

    Dāo 刀/ (written like 舟刀) refers to a small boat. The word occurs already in SHIJING.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1339

    • [100 page synonym dictionary which I have in Oslo and shall identify.CH] ( XIANG 1997) p. 105

      Syntactic words
    方船  fāng chuán OC: paŋ ɢljon MC: pi̯ɐŋ ʑiɛn 0 Attributions

    Fāng chuán 方 船, fǎng 舫 (the latter word first appeared in the Warring States period and became more current in Han times) refer to the double ship, ship consisting of two joined boats. This kind of ship could be used for various purposes (for transportation of goods or soldiers, as a warship, or to cross a river), and was in use at least from the Warring States period till Tang; the period during it most flourished was neverthless Jin dynasty.

      Syntactic words
    樓船  lóu chuán OC: ɡ-roo ɢljon MC: lu ʑiɛn 0 Attributions

    Lóu chuán 樓 船refers to the battleship with several boards. These came to use already in the late Chunqiu period, and were used till Ming times.

    • 漢代の文物 Kandai no bunbutsu ( HAYASHI 1976) p. {p. 154, tab. 7-81???}

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1346 - 1347

      Syntactic words
    冒突  mào tū OC: muuɡs duud MC: mɑu duot 0 Attributions

    Mào tū 冒突 came to use in the Eastern Han period and referred to the battleship which could directly clash into the ship of enemies.

      Syntactic words
    戈船  gē chuán OC: kool ɢljon MC: kʷɑ ʑiɛn 0 Attributions

    Gē chuán 戈 船 refers to the large battleship which was in use from the late Chunqiu till the Southern and Northern dynasties. It obtained its name from halberds and spears put on its board; perhaps general word for a battleship (???).

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1347 - 1348

    • 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism ( YANG WEIZHONG 2000) p. {8-3???}

      Syntactic words
    木  mù OC: mooɡ MC: muk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nby synekdoche: ship
    榻  tà OC: thaab MC: thɑp 0 Attributions

    Tà 榻 is the general word for a large ship, which was in use mainly from the North Southern dynasties till Tang period.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1336 - 1337

      Syntactic words
    三翼  sān yì OC: saam p-lɯɡ MC: sɑm jɨk 0 Attributions

    Sān yì 三翼 refers to the battleships which were in use in the southern states of Wu and Yue in Chunqiu and Warring States times. It seems that they were divided to three categories according to their size. According to Han sources, the largest ones had a space for 91 men, those of middle size for 50 men, and minor for 26 men. Note that the earliest ship battle is mentioned in ZUOZHUAN to 549 B.C., and it took place on a river; the first sea battle is dated to 484 B.C. As can be seen on pictorial presentations dating from the late Chunqiu and early Warring States period, ship battles esentially resembled battles on the earth; the ships pulled with oars came close one to the other and warriors staying on the higher board attacked enemies with arrows, halberds, and spears.

    • 古代文化词义集类辨考 ( HUANG 1995) p. 1344 - 1345

    • 中國佛教百科全書 Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism ( YANG WEIZHONG 2000) p. {8-3}

      Syntactic words