ACCUSE    控告責

To BLAME AND INTEND the PERSON BLAMED to be JUDGED AND CONDEMNED CONFORMING:in accordance with LAW.
CHARGE WITHINDICT FORARRAIGN FORPREFER CHARGES AGAINST FORIMPEACH FOR
Old Chinese Criteria
[ASCENDING/DESCENDING] [BENEVOLENT/MALEVOLENT] [FALSE/TRUE] [INFORMAL/OFFICIAL] [INTENSE/WEAK] [PUBLIC/PRIVATE] 1. The most current general word for accusing someone of something with either good or evil intent is zé 責. [GENERAL], [NEUTRAL] 2. Sù 訴 refers to an informal accusation from the party that maintains it has suffered injustice, and this word became current in Han times. [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT] 3. Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL] 4. Hé 劾 refers to formal impeachment and the starting of formal criminal proceedings against a culprit, and the accuser in this case tends to be a person of some social standing, normally of high bureaucratic status; in Han times hé 劾 refers to the passing judgment after such a formal procedure. [DESCENDING], [INTENSE], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL] 5. Qiǎn 譴 refers to formal more or less serious accusations against officials raised by anyone, including ordinary persons. [ASCENDING], [INTENSE], [OFFICIAL] 6. Wū 誣 is occasionally used for making false formal accusations against some person, and the word may even refer to false self-incrimination. [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT] 7. Zèn 譖 refers generally to slanderous attacks, and sometimes - imperceptibly - the word can refer to something more like slanderous accusations. But the distinctions always seems to remain unclear. See SLANDER. [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT] 8. Kòng 控 occasionally refers to a formal complaint directed against the authorities. [ASCENDING], [OFFICIAL] 9. Ga4o 告 commonly refers to the making of public complaints and accusations.
Modern Chinese Criteria
控告 is the current modern word for making accusations. 指控 is a perhaps slightly literary term for making accusations. 告狀 is a formal legal term referring to the opening of a law-suit against someone, and the word is used verbally with the preposition 向. 告發 譴責 refers to accusations in the form of a denunciation without direct legal implications. 聲討 refers to public denunciation involving serious accusations. 申討 refers to public denunciation involving serious accusations. 攻訐 控 告 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis 18.11.2003. CH/
Antonym
  • FORGIVEPROMISE someone one ASSUMES to be GUILTY of a CRIME OR MISTAKE which OFFENDS ONE so as to SAY that one WILL NOT HATE THAT PERSON BECAUSE of that CRIME OR MISTAKE.
  • DEFENDANTACCUSED HUMAN DEFENDING HIMSELF IN COURT.
    See also
    • CRITICISESPEAK AND NAME SOMETHING BAD and AVOIDABLE. 
    • LITIGATECOMPETE with OTHERS USING the LAW.
    • SLANDERCRITICISE INTENSELY, LACKING APPROPRIATE REASONS, NOT ADDRESSING the HUMAN BLAMED.
    Hypernym
    • BLAME　CRITICISE someone as GUILTY of a WICKED:reprehensible MISTAKE OR a CRIME. (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
    • CRITICISE　SPEAK AND NAME SOMETHING BAD and AVOIDABLE.  (anc: 13/0, child: 6)
    • SPEAK　ACT so as to USE WORDS FOR SHOWING MEANING.*Speech by speaker X, directed towards audience Y, in order to communicate message Z. (anc: 12/0, child: 32)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 21.31

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 208

    I303. Ex Serv., ad ill. I Aen.: Talibus incusat, qui tamen amplius quam noster.

    ]

    303. Inter Incusare et accusare. Incusamus potiores, accusamus pares. Item incusamus verbo, accusamus crimine et facto.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    ACCUSE

    arguere is the general word for any imputation of guilt, supposed or actual, in courts of justice or not.

    incusare and culpare refer to a criminal complaint made outside a court of justice.

    criminari is to accuse someone of crimes in a calumnius hostile spirit.

    insimulare is to accuse someone slanderously without just cause.

    deferre is to bring someone to court for something.

    accusare is to impeach someone for a crime in a criminal court.

    LW

    indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatus V 1 1 [XXXAX]

    point out, show, indicate, expose, betray, reveal; inform against, accuse;

    accerso, accersere, accersivi, accersitus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    send for, summon; indict/accuse; fetch, import; invite; invoke; bring on oneself

    arguo, arguere, argui, argutus V 3 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    prove, argue, allege; disclose; accuse, complain of, charge, blame, convict;

    alligo, alligare, alligavi, alligatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    bind/fetter (to); bandage; hinder, impede, detain; accuse; implicate/involve in;

    adligo, adligare, adligavi, adligatus V 1 1 TRANS [XXXAO]

    bind/fetter (to); bandage; hinder, impede, detain; accuse; implicate/involve in;

    defero, deferre, detuli, delatus V 3 2 [XXXAO]

    ||bring/lodge information (about), report; indict, accuse, denounce; defer (to);

    *

    ACCUSATION

    LW

    crimen, criminis N 3 2 N [XLXAO]

    indictment/charge/accusation; blame/reproach/slander; verdict/judgment (L+S);

    accusatio, accusationis N 3 1 F [XLXBO]

    accusation, inditement; act/occasion of accusation; rebuke, reproof;

    criminatio, criminationis N 3 1 F [XLXCO]

    accusation, complaint, charge, indictment; making of an accusation;

    delatio, delationis N 3 1 F [XLXCO]

    accusation/denunciation; laying charge; indicting; informing; offering an oath;

    reatus, reatus N 4 1 M [XLXCO]

    accusation, charge; state/condition of being accused; dress of accused (L+S);

    categoria, categoriae N 1 1 F [DLXES]

    accusation; predicament; category/class of predicables (logic);

    *

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 2

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    ACCUSATIO, ACCUSATOR

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p.

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 10

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.318.282

    ACCUSATEUR.DENONCIATEUR.DELATEUR

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no. 45

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO. 45

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.179ABC

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 145B

    • Words (28 items)

    罪  zuì OC: sbuulʔ MC: dzuo̝i 24 Attributions

    Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]

      Word relations
    • Contrast: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE
    • Assoc: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE
    • Oppos: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactcriminal accusation
    • v[adN]N=objthe person accused
    • vt+prep+N(blame), accuse, charge with a crime
    • vt[oN]raise accusations against people
    • vtoNlevel criminal charges against, hold criminally guilty/responsible; charge with a crime, take legal action against 下吏 "turn over to the prosecutor", 定罪; threaten legal action against;
    • vtoNpassivebe accused of a crime, be charged with crimes
    訴  sù OC: sqlaaɡs MC: suo̝
    愬  sù OC: sqlaaɡs MC: suo̝ 15 Attributions

    Sù 訴 refers to an informal accusation from the party that maintains it has suffered injustice. [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 告/COMPLAIN Gào 告 refers to an inferior complaining to a superior.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactcomplaint, accusation
    • vt+prep+Nraise accusations in the presence of
    • vtoNmake a complaint against someone concerning an injustice one has suffered from that person
    • vtoNobject=courtmake accusations before
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2accuse or malign (someone N1) in front of (someone else N2) 訴公於晉侯 "accuse the Duke in front of the Lord of Jìn"
    劾  hé OC: ɡɯɯɡ MC: ɦək 7 Attributions

    Hé 劾 refers to formal impeachment and the starting of formal criminal proceedings against a culprit, and the accuser in this case tends to be a person of some social standing, normally of high bureaucratic status; in Han times hé 劾 refers to the passing judgment after such a formal procedure. [DESCENDING], [INTENSE], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]

      Syntactic words
    • nabactimpeachment
    • vt(oN)bring charges against a contextually determinate person
    • vt[oN]impeach; raise charges; state charges
    • vtoNimpeach, raise charges against, start criminal proceedings against, impeach
    • vtoNpassivebe impeached; be charged
    • vtoSimpeach with...; raise charges that...
    坐  zuò MC: dzwaH OC: sɡools 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe held responsible for the crime of (a person); be held guilty (of a crime)
    • vtoNpassivebe accused in court, be triedCH
    譴  qiǎn OC: khens MC: khiɛn
    遣  qiàn OC: khens MC: khiɛn 6 Attributions

    Qiǎn 譴 refers to formal more or less serious accusations against officials raised by anyone, including ordinary persons. [ASCENDING], [INTENSE], [OFFICIAL]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 告/COMPLAIN Gào 告 refers to an inferior complaining to a superior.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactofficial legal reproof
    • vt(oN)reprimand formally a contextually determinate person
    • vtoNreprimand (inferior), formally accuse of misdeeds; make accusations about (a person)
    • vtoNpassivebe accused
    譖  zèn OC: skrɯms MC: ʈʂim 4 Attributions

    Zèn 譖 refers generally to slanderous attacks, and sometimes - imperceptibly - the word can refer to something more like slanderous accusations. But the distinctions always seems to remain unclear. See SLANDER. [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNaccuse falsely behind someone's back
    責  zé OC: skreeɡ MC: ʈʂɣɛk 3 Attributions

    The most current general word for accusing someone of something with either good or evil intent is zé 責. [GENERAL], [NEUTRAL]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhold responsible; take to task; take (someone) to task
    • vtt(oN.)+V[0]accuse the contextually determinate N of V-ing
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2omaccuse a contextually determinate person N1 of (a transgression N2)
    誣  wū OC: ma MC: mi̯o 2 Attributions

    Wū 誣 is occasionally used for making false formal accusations against some person, and the word may even refer to false self-incrimination. [FALSE], [INFORMAL], [MALEVOLENT]

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNraise false accusations against someone which could lead to legal action
    請罪  qǐng zuì OC: tsheŋʔ sbuulʔ MC: tshiɛŋ dzuo̝i 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Naccuse; demand explanation for misdeeds
    望  wàng OC: maŋs MC: mi̯ɐŋ
    望  (wáng) OC: maŋ MC: mi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]make accusations 責望
    • vtoNblame, accuse, bring public charges against
    發  fā OC: pod MC: pi̯ɐt 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdisclose (incriminating) facts
    有辭  yǒu cí OC: ɢʷɯʔ zɯ MC: ɦɨu zɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VP[adN]N=humthe accused (non-referential)
    誅  zhū OC: to MC: ʈi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassivebe accused, be inculpated; be incriminated
    適  zhé MC: -- OC: -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtt(oN1.) N2read zhé: accuse the contextually determinate N of N2CH
    告愬  gào sù OC: kuuɡs sqlaaɡs MC: kɑu suo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNaccuse and seek redress from
    申訴  shēn sù MC: syin suH OC: lʰin sqlaaɡs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt prep Nraise an accusation to NDS
    告訴  gào sù OC: kuuɡs sqlaaɡs MC: kɑu suo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[oN]make accusations 告訴不絕 "keep making accusations" (Hanshu)
    • VPtoNobject=courtlaunch an accusation at N
    • VPttoN1.+prep+N2accuse N1 before N2
    控  kòng OC: khooŋs MC: khuŋ 1 Attribution

    Kòng 控 occasionally refers to a formal complaint directed against the authorities. [ASCENDING], [OFFICIAL]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 告/COMPLAIN Gào 告 refers to an inferior complaining to a superior.

      Syntactic words
    • vt[oN]make accusations against others
    • vtoNraise a legal accusation and complaints against (typically a higher authority)
    • vtoNpassivehave legal accusations raised against one
    控告  kòng gào OC: khooŋs kuuɡs MC: khuŋ kɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNaccuse
    詞  cí OC: sɢlɯ MC: zɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • naccusation; legal deposition against someone
    辭  cí OC: zɯ MC: zɨ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabtextHan law: written accusation
    訴告  sù gào OC: sqlaaɡs kuuɡs MC: suo̝ kɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake accusations, protest
    • VPtoNobject=courtmake accusations, protest to
    譴告  qiǎn gào OC: khens kuuɡs MC: khiɛn kɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNpassivebe accused
    訴罪  sù zuì OC: sqlaaɡs sbuulʔ MC: suo̝ dzuo̝i 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPiactmake accusations
    備責  bèi zé OC: brɯɡs skreeɡ MC: bi ʈʂɣɛk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNaccuse of crimes; declare criminally responsible
    告  gào OC: kuuɡs MC: kɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNlodge a formal complaint against> accuse
    罪死  zuì sǐ OC: sbuulʔ pliʔ MC: dzuo̝i si 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(oN)accuse the contextually determinate N of a capital crime
    彈  tán OC: daan MC: dɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNaccuse (Hanshu) 據法彈咸等 "raise accusations against Chén Xián and the others"