BOUNDARY    邊界界

LIMIT which DIVIDES something into the INSIDE and OUTSIDE.
BORDERFRONTIERBORDERLINEPARTITIONFENCELINE
Old Chinese Criteria
[GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [AREA/LINE] 1. Jiè 界 is perhaps the most general word for any border or boundary of any kind, current especially from Han times onwards, but the border thus designated is typically demarkated by some signs or symbols. [GENERAL] 2. Jìng 境 is the technical general term for a border or borderline between states. [LINE], [SPECIFIC] 3. Fēng 封 is an ancient word referring prototypically to a demarkated border betweem territories marked by raised mounds planted with trees, and with a prototypical link to borders established by feudal enfeofment.. [LINE], [SPECIFIC] 4. Biān 邊 refers to a border area as viewed from the angle of what is within this border. See BORDER AREA [AREA], 5. LŸè 略 is sometimes used to refer to the borders between territories or states in ZUO. [ARCHAIC], [LINE]; [[RARE]] 6. Fēng jiāng 封疆 refers in an abstract or bureaucratic way to all manner of boundaries. 7. Xiàn 限 is an elevated very rare term for a delimitation regarded as something set deliberately rather than naturally or historically given. Compare also LIMIT [ELEVATED], [+FIG]; [[RARE]]
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 GEOGRAPHY 4. 界，界限的總稱。 限，把某一事物從另一事物中劃分出來的界限。 際，事物間的相接合的界限。 垠，天地宇宙不可及的極限或事物難以劃出的界限。 極，廣大地域極遠的邊界。 GEOGRAPHY 5. 地界。 疆，通稱。 封，堆土植樹而成的地界。 畔，耕作的田土界限。 略，以某一具體區域為邊界，重在歸屬。 境，國境線，是劃界的標志，不是地帶。
Modern Chinese Criteria
界線 界 垠 際 分界 限界 界限 畛域 疆界 境界 邊界 地界 refers to the boundary of any plot of land. 周界 邊際 國界 省界 州界 縣界 區界 鄉界 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • FIELD BOUNDARY　BOUNDARY BETWEEN FIELDS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • BORDER PASS　BORDER PART CONTAINING A GATE CONTROLLED BY A GOVERNMENT. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
See also
Hypernym
  • LIMIT　MOMENT OR PLACE which DEFINES what is INSIDE AND what is OUTSIDE something. (anc: 5/0, child: 4)
  • MOMENT　POINT of TIME OR INTENSELY SHORT TIME. (anc: 4/0, child: 4)
  • TIME　ABSTRACT OBJECT that all EVENTS ARE-IN. (anc: 3/0, child: 11)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 19.17

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BOUNDARY

    finis refers to a boundary as an abstract line.

    terminus refers to a sign of a boundary in the form of a stone set up as the sign of a bounding point.

    limes refers to a sign of a boundary in the form of a ridge.

  • China Handbuch ( FRANKE 1974) p. 454

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 70

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 38

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.66

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 3.873

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 246

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 171

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 134B

    • Words (32 items)

    境  jìng OC: kraŋʔ MC: kɣaŋ
    竟  jìng OC: kraŋs MC: kɣaŋ 39 Attributions

    Jìng 境 is the technical general term for a border or borderline between states. [LINE], [SPECIFIC]

      Word relations

      Syntactic words
    • nn(post-Npl): border-line of the state, border of the state (for 出境 compare 出門)
    • nabfigurativedistinction; border; boundary
    界  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 17 Attributions

    Jiè 界 is perhaps the most general word for any border or boundary of any kind, current especially from Han times onwards, but the border thus designated is typically demarkated by some signs or symbols. [GENERAL]

      Syntactic words
    • nthe (typically marked) border; sometimes by synecdoche the reference is to "area enclosed by the border", and these cases are not easy to separate out.
    • nabdeverbal: dividing or limiting function of the state borders
    • vtoNZGC: have a state boundary with, have a common boundary with
    封疆  fēng jiāng OC: poŋ kaŋ MC: pi̯oŋ ki̯ɐŋ 14 Attributions

    Fēng jiāng 封疆 refers in an abstract or bureaucratic way to all manner of boundaries.

      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralboundaries (of a state, or between fields)
    封  fēng OC: poŋ MC: pi̯oŋ 12 Attributions

    Fēng 封 is an ancient word referring prototypically to a demarkated border betweem territories marked by raised mounds planted with trees, and with a prototypical link to borders established by feudal enfeofment.. [LINE], [SPECIFIC]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 洫/BOUNDARY Xù 洫 refers to a canal which serves as a boundary for a territory.

      Syntactic words
    • nborder marked by raised earth marked with trees; 四封，封洫generally: border
    • vt+prep+Nmake a boundary at
    • vtoNdemarcate, outline the boundary of
    疆  jiāng OC: kaŋ MC: ki̯ɐŋ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • n(a) state boundary
    • ngeneralboundaries
    • vtoNcausativecause to have proper boundaries; make boundaries for; demarcate territory of
    邊  biān OC: peen MC: pen 7 Attributions

    Biān 邊 refers to a border area as viewed from the angle of what is within this border. See BORDER AREA [AREA]

      Syntactic words
    • nborder (of a state, or of the empire, as viewed from the inside)
    • nabmetaphysicalboundary, limit
    • nadNmarginal, near the border; on the border; border- 邊吏
    關  guān OC: kroon MC: kɣan 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nborder point, border check-point; mountain pass
    • nfigurativebarrier
    限  xiàn OC: ɡrɯɯnʔ MC: ɦɣɛn 4 Attributions

    Xiàn 限 is an elevated very rare term for a delimitation regarded as something set deliberately rather than naturally or historically given. Compare also LIMIT [ELEVATED], [+FIG]; [[RARE]]

      Syntactic words
    • nboundary
    • nsubjectthat which is limited; that which is as limited (as what is specified in the preceding phrase) 五丈之限 "something with a limited height of five zhang"???
    • vtoNfix boundaries for, set definite boundaries for
    塞  sài OC: sɯɯɡs MC: səi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nfrontier, border region
    • nadNborderland-
    • nfigurativelimits of proper behaviour, boundaries that should not be exceededLZ
    經界  jìng jiè OC: keeŋs kreeds MC: keŋ kɣɛi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferential(administration of boundaries??>) boundaries, borders
    際  jì OC: skeds MC: tsiɛi 2 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • nrift or boundary where different areas meet
    邊境  biān jìng OC: peen kraŋʔ MC: pen kɣaŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPborder; border regions
    徼  jiào OC: kleewɡs MC: keu 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nSHIJI: boundary, frontier
    • vtoNreach as boundaryCH
    理  lǐ OC: ɡ-rɯʔ MC: lɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ndivision between fields (SHI)
    • vtoNcausativedivide up into sections; make boundaries
    分野  fēn yě OC: pɯn laʔ MC: pi̯un jɣɛ 1 Attribution
    • () p. 984a

      分界；界限

      Syntactic words
    • NPborder, border region (early examples in HYDCD dating from the Song)
    蘄  qí MC: gi OC: ɡɯ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • n= yín 垠: boundaryLZ
    他竟  tā jìng OC: lʰaal kraŋs MC: thɑ kɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPboundary to another country
    畛域  zhēn yù MC: tsyin hwik OC: kljɯn ɢʷrɯɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialboundaries of any kindCH
    疆埸  jiāng yì OC: kaŋ leɡ MC: ki̯ɐŋ jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPboundary
    封略  fēng lǜe OC: poŋ ɡ-raɡ MC: pi̯oŋ li̯ɐk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPboundaries (of a state)
    疆畔  jiāng pàn OC: kaŋ baans MC: ki̯ɐŋ bʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPboundary, demarcated area
    竟埸  jìng yì OC: kraŋs leɡ MC: kɣaŋ jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPnonreferentialboundary
    圉  yǔ OC: ŋaʔ MC: ŋi̯ɤ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nSHI: border, frontier
    埸  yì OC: leɡ MC: jiɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nboundary
    宇  yǔ OC: ɢʷraʔ MC: ɦi̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nboundary??
    分界  fēn jiè OC: pɯn kreeds MC: pi̯un kɣɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPababstract distinction or borderline
    略  lüè OC: ɡ-raɡ MC: li̯ɐk 1 Attribution

    Lyè 略 is sometimes used to refer to the borders between territories or states in ZUO. [ARCHAIC], [LINE]; [[RARE]]

      Syntactic words
    • nZUO: boundary between territories or states
    封界  fēng jiè OC: poŋ kreeds MC: pi̯oŋ kɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPababstract borderline
    介  jiè OC: kreeds MC: kɣɛi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nborder [anciently sometimes written for 界)
    垂  chuí MC: dzywe OC: djol 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nboundary; boundary area SANGUOZHI
    堮  è OC: ŋɡlaaɡ MC: ŋɑk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npost-Han colloquial: border
    洫  xù OC: qhʷrɯɡ MC: hɨk 0 Attributions

    Xù 洫 refers to a canal which serves as a boundary for a territory.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 封/BOUNDARY Fēng 封 is an ancient word referring prototypically to a demarkated border betweem territories marked by raised mounds planted with trees, and with a prototypical link to borders established by feudal enfeofment.. [LINE], [SPECIFIC]

      Syntactic words