PUNISH    刑罰刑法

RESTRAIN OR DAMAGE a CULPRIT BECAUSE of his/her CRIMES.
DISCIPLINETEACH SOMEONE A LESSONTAN SOMEONE'S HIDEINFORMAL WALLOPCOME DOWN ON (LIKE A TON OF BRICKS
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word for punishment is wú xíng 五刑, traditionally in SHU, LYUXING listed as "dà pí 大辟 "decapitation", yuè 刖 "mutilation of foot", yì 劓, gōng 宮 "castration", mò 墨 "branding". The list varied through time and is different in different sources. 2. Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment. 3. Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE 4. Yù 獄 can be used to refer to any kind of punitive action taken against criminals. 5. Fǎ 法 can occasionally be used, mainly in early texts, to refer not to criminal law but to the application of such laws to criminals. 6. Zuò 坐 refers to a condemned person being held responsible for a criminal act and being punished. See CONDEMN 7. Tǎo 討 is a moralistic term referring to a momentous act of punishment in the name of justice, and the meaning often vascillates between ATTACK and PUNISH, when the reference is a punitive attack. See ATTACK
黄金貴：古漢語同義詞辨釋詞典
HUANG JINGUI 2006 HUMAN BODY 41. 肢體肉刑。 墨，用刀刺面，然後將它染黑， 從其動作又稱 “ 黥 ” ，漢代起多稱 “ 黥 ” ， 後世發展為 “ 刺配 ” 。 劓，割鼻子。 刖，砍掉腳或腳趾。 髕，挖掉膝蓋骨。 刵，割掉耳朵。
Modern Chinese Criteria
處罰 處分 責罰 懲罰 懲辦 論處 罰 懲 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BANISH　PUNISH someone so as to COMMAND HIM/HER to LEAVE the STATE of which he/she is a CITIZEN OR in which he/she LIVES. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
  • PENALTY　MONEY to be PAID as PUNISHMENT. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
  • PUNITIVE LABOUR　PUNISHMENT in the form of COMMANDED DIFFICULT WORK. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
  • BRAND　To PUNISH so as to BURN an IMAGE into the SKIN of someone. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
  • RETRIBUTION　DIVINE PUNISHMENT OR REWARD of HUMANS BASED on their EVIL OR GOOD ACTIONS respectively. (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • GENEROUSHABITUALLY GIVE of one's WEALTH to THOSE WHO NEED it.
  • REWARDGIVE someone something BECAUSE that person has ACTED:done something GOOD.
  • ACQUITPUBLICISE, CONFORMING to LAW, AND USING OFFICIAL AUTHORITY, the DECISION that a PERSON ACCUSED of a CRIME is NOT GUILTY of that CRIME.
  • PARDONPUBLICISE, CONFORMING to LAW, AND USING OFFICIAL AUTHORITY, the DECISION that a PERSON is NOT to be PUNISHED for a CRIME of which he is ACCUSED OR GUILTY.
See also
  • STRIKEDISPLACE something VIOLENTLY TOWARDS something, OFTEN IN-ORDER-TO DAMAGE IT.
  • PRISONPUBLIC BUILDING IN which CONVICTED GUILTY HUMANS ARE CONDEMNED to DWELL, AND which they are NOT PERMITTED TO LEAVE.
Hypernym
  • RESTRAIN　HINDER from being UNRESTRAINED. (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
  • HINDER　STOP from ACT:doing what someone or something INTENDS to ACT:do. (anc: 13/0, child: 4)
  • STOP　ACT so as NOT to CONTINUE NOW:present ACTION. (anc: 12/0, child: 10)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 21.37

  • De differentiis ( DIFFERENTIAE I) p. 146

    MULTATIO, POENA, SUPPLICIUM

    359. Inter multationem, poenam, et supplicium. Multatio potest esse, et sine sanguine, in damno pecuniae. Supplicium cum sanguine; poena vero dolor sine sanguine.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    PUNISHMENT

    punitio is punishment as required by the law.

    mulcta is compensation for injury done, according to the law.

    castigatio is chastisement which may serve to improve the individual, especially a rebuke.

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 215

    Gerichtswesen:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 1966) p. 235

    Scharfrichter:

  • Verzeichnis und Motivindex der Han-Darstellungen ( FINSTERBUSCH 2000) p. 806

    Strafvollzugsszene:

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 256

  • Reward, Punishment, and Forgiveness: The Thinking and Beliefs of Ancient Israel in the Light of Greek and modern Views ( KRASOVEC 1999) p.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    POENA

    PUNITIO

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 127

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 56

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.249

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 12

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 3.1507

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 10.208

  • "Sachwoerterbuch zum Alten China" ( UNGER SACH) p.

    STRAFARBEIT

    STRAFEN

  • 中國文化背景八千詞 Zhongguo wenhua beijing ba qian ci ( WU SANXING 2008) p. 267f

  • Histoire des moeurs ( POIRIER 1991) p. 2.611-698

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    PUNISHMENT

  • Encyclopedia of Religion ( JONES 2005) p.

    DISMEMBER

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.152.114

    CHATIER.PUNIR

  • A New Dictionary of Classical Greek Synonyms ( T.W.HARBSMEIER 2004) p. NO.170

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 146A

    AHNDEN

    • Words (49 items)

    刑  xíng OC: ɡeeŋ MC: ɦeŋ 61 Attributions

    Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 德 / 得/GENEROUS Dé 德 and the rarer zé 澤 refer to graceful and spiritually inspiring munificence, typically from a person of supremely high status.
    • Ant: 惠/GENEROUS Probably the most general word for generosity is huì 惠 (ant. sè 嗇 "stingy, ungenerous"), and this refers to any kind of emotional as well as material munificence by a person of superior status.
    • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Object: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Object: 被/SUFFER Beì 被 tends to refer to exposure to undesirable effects from the outside.
    • Epithet: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
    • Epithet: 重/INTENSELY Zhòng 重 freely refers to an impressive intensity beyond expectation of both positive or negative qualities or actions.
    • Epithet: 峻/SEVERE Jù4n 峻 (ant. píng 平 "even-handed") refers dramatically to the savageness of punishments.
    • Epithet: 虐/CRUEL Nyè 虐 (ant. fǔ 撫 "take good care of, show proper concern for subordinates or subjects") refers to wanton cruelty in the exercise of political authority.
    • Contrast: 政/GOVERN Zhèng 政 refers to the basically bureaucratic administration of a state, practical implementation of governmental measures.
    • Contrast: 法/LAW The current general word for a law, a legal system or any legal provision of any kind is fǎ 法.
    • Contrast: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE
    • Contrast: 罰/PENALTY The general word for a fine is fá 罰, and the word refers to fines of any kind.
    • Assoc: 戮 / 僇/EXECUTE
    • Assoc: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}actpunishment; kind of punishment GY: 刑五而已 "There are only five kinds of punishments..."
    • nabactact of punishing; punishment (physical or otherwise)
    • nabconceptproper punishment
    • nobjectone condemned to physical punishment
    • viactcarry out punishments
    • vtoNmiddle voicereceive corporal punishment, receive physical punishmentCH
    • vtoNN=actpunish (a crime), typically by mutilation of the culprit
    • vtoNN=hum(punish by mutilation>) punish harshly, punish physically; mutilate
    • vtoNpassivebe punished by mutilation; get punished; get oneself punished
    討  tǎo OC: thuuʔ MC: thɑu 60 Attributions

    Tǎo 討 is a moralistic term referring to a momentous act of punishment in the name of justice, and the meaning often vascillates between ATTACK and PUNISH, when the reference is a punitive attack. See ATTACK

      Syntactic words
    • nabactpunishment
    • vt(oN)punish the contextually determinate object
    • vt[oN]punish
    • vtoNobject=crimepunish 討罪
    • vtoNobject=culpritseek out and punish; punish (for an offence); launch a punitive attack on
    • vtoNPab{S}punish the fact that S
    • vtoNpassivebe punished, have a punitive expedition carried out against one
    • vtoNreflexive.自punish (oneself)
    罰  fá OC: bod MC: bi̯ɐt 56 Attributions

    Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

      Word relations
    • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Epithet: 重/INTENSELY Zhòng 重 freely refers to an impressive intensity beyond expectation of both positive or negative qualities or actions.
    • Contrast: 報/REVENGE The standard word for revenge is bào 報 (ant.* shè 赦 "let off").
    • Contrast: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Contrast: 罪/ACCUSE Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]
    • Assoc: 刑/PUNISH Xíng 刑 refers specifically to physical punishment.
    • Assoc: 罪/ACCUSE Zuì 罪 typically refers to a superior or king raising criminal charges against someone under his jurisdiction, but occasionally the word is used in an extended way to refer to strong criticism offered by anyone with authority. [DESCENDING], [NEUTRAL], [OFFICIAL]
    • Assoc: 誅/PUNISH
    • Assoc: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Relat: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Oppos: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactarchaic: punitive action; later, more narrowly: punishment through fines;  
    • vt(oN)punish/fine the contextually determinate human NCH
    • vt[oN]mete out punishments or fines, take punitive action with people
    • vtoNcondemn to the payment of a fine or some other form of mild punishment; generally: to punish
    • vtoNpassiveget punishedCH
    • vtoNreflexive.自punish (oneself)
    • vtoStake punitive action against (a state of affairs described in S)
    誅  zhū OC: to MC: ʈi̯o 44 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 赦/PARDON Shè 赦 (ant. zuì 罪 "hold criminally responsible") refers specifically and technically to the legal act of pardoning a convicted culprit.
    • Ant: 賞/REWARD The current general word for rewarding is shǎng 賞 (ant. fá 罰 "punish" and zhū 誅 "punish").
    • Epithet: 嚴 / 嚴儼/SEVERE The current general commendatory term for severeness is yán 嚴 (ant. kuān 寬 "lax").
    • Contrast: 殺 / 煞/KILL The overwhelmingly dominant term referring to any form of taking the life of anything is shā 殺.
    • Assoc: 罰/PUNISH Fá 罰 refers to non-physical forms of punishment including typically fines. See FINE

      Syntactic words
    • nabthe being punishedCH
    • nabactpunishment; legal criminal proceedings
    • vt+prep+Ngeneralapply punishments to
    • vt[oN]mete out severe punishments to people
    • vt[oN]actmete out punishment
    • vtoNpunish officially (more or less severely); apply strictures to
    • vtoNobject=crimepunish
    • vtoNpassivebe punished
    刑罰  xíng fá OC: ɡeeŋ bod MC: ɦeŋ bi̯ɐt 17 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPab{N1&N2}nonreferentialvarious kinds of penalties and punishments
    刑戮  xíng lù OC: ɡeeŋ ɡ-ruɡ MC: ɦeŋ luk 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabphysical punishment or execution; execution
    • VPtoNpassivebe punished so as to be put to death> get executed; be punished by mutilation
    懲  chéng OC: dɯŋ MC: ɖɨŋ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)punish the contextually determinate N
    • vtoNimpose mild punishment, use punitive sanctions; chastise
    • vtoNmiddle voicebe chastised
    • vtoNpassiveget punishedLZ
    法  fǎ OC: pab MC: pi̯ɐp 6 Attributions

    Fǎ 法 can occasionally be used, mainly in early texts, to refer not to criminal law but to the application of such laws to criminals.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Vpunishment characterised by VingDS
    • nabactSHU, GUAN: refers generally to the application of criminal law to criminals
    • vtoNapply the law to: punishCH
    誅罰  zhū fá OC: to bod MC: ʈi̯o bi̯ɐt 4 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabactpunishment or fine of any kind
    • NPabactbeing punished
    • VPiactcarry out punishments of any sort
    治  chí OC: rlɯ MC: ɖɨ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt(oN)deal with the contextually determinate N according to lawDS
    • vtoNdeal with according to the law (and punish)
    • vtoNpassivebe properly sentenced and punished; be legally dealt with in connection with a crime committed
    尸  shī OC: qhlji MC: ɕi 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN1.+prep+N2dispose of the corpse (of someone N1) in (a place N2); display the corpses (of someone N1) in (a place N2)曹人尸諸城上
    辜磔  gū zhé OC: kaa krlaaɡ MC: kuo̝ ʈɣɛk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nquartering
    • VPt(oN)carve up in public
    • VPtoNpassiveget publicly executed
    髕腳  bìn jiǎo MC: bjijX kjak OC: binʔ kaɡ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNpassivehave one's feet and kneecaps cut offCH
    五刑  wǔ xíng OC: ŋaaʔ ɡeeŋ MC: ŋuo̝ ɦeŋ 2 Attributions

    The general word for punishment is wú xíng 五刑 , traditionally in SHU, LYUXING listed as "dà bì 大辟 "decapitation", yuè 刖 "mutilation of foot", yì 劓, gōng 宮 "castration", mò 墨 "branding". The list varied through time and is different in different sources.

      Syntactic words
    • NPabthe five mutilating kinds of punishmentLZ
    鞭笞  biān chī OC: pen rlʰɯ MC: piɛn ʈhɨ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNflog (intensely?, in any way?)
    • VPtoNfigurativechastise
    浮  fú 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfine to drink a cup of alcohol (at a feast); to sconceCH
    獄  yù OC: ŋoɡ MC: ŋi̯ok 2 Attributions

    Yù 獄 can be used to refer to any kind of punitive action taken against criminals.

      Syntactic words
    • nabactimprisonment; punitive measures such as imprisonment; punitive procedure; punishment
    刑辟  xíng bì OC: ɡeeŋ peɡ MC: ɦeŋ piɛk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabactpunishments
    有討  yǒu tǎo OC: ɢʷɯʔ thuuʔ MC: ɦɨu thɑu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+prep+Nconativetry to attack??? ???
    辜  gū OC: kaa MC: kuo̝ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNexecute publicly and leave the body in the open as a public disgrace; drastic punishment
    金  jīn MC: kim OC: krɯm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabpunishment by imposition of a fineCH
    炮炙  páo zhè MC: baew tsyaeH OC: bruu -- 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt[adN]those who were grilled on charcoal as a sort of perverted punishmentDS
    阱  jǐng OC: sɡeŋʔ MC: dziɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpassiveby extension, occasionally: be thrown into a pit
    典刑  diǎn xíng MC: tenX heng OC: tɯɯnʔ ɡeeŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabpluralpunishmentsCH
    糾逖  jiū tì OC: kiw theeɡ MC: kɨu thek 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNchastise
    罰懲  fá chéng MC: bjot -- OC: bod dɯŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpluralpunishmentsCH
    加刑  jiā xíng MC: kae heng OC: kraal ɡeeŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt prep NpunishCH
    刀杖  dāo zhàng OC: k-laaw daŋʔ MC: tɑu ɖi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpassivepunishment suffered
    戮  lù MC: ljuwk OC: ɡ-ruɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpunish (physically)LZ
    梟  xiāo OC: keew MC: keu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNhave (someone) executed and his body exposed to public view
    刑罰  xíng fá MC: heng bjot OC: ɡeeŋ bod 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabphysical punishments and finesCH
    戮辱  lù rǔ OC: ɡ-ruɡ njoɡ MC: luk ȵi̯ok 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabacthumiliation through harsh public punishment
    • VPtoNpassiveget humiliated through harsh public punishment
    箠笞  chuí chī OC: tjolʔ rlʰɯ MC: tɕiɛ ʈhɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNfigurativecastigate
    箠  chuí OC: tjolʔ MC: tɕiɛ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNto whip; flog; also: to punish/castigate (a state)
    耐  nài OC: nɯɯs MC: nəi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNshave off beard and hair at the temples as punishment, a milder form of kūn 髡
    讞  yàn OC: ŋranʔ MC: ŋiɛn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdecide a court case is general and does not imply punishment
    銬  kào OC: khuus MC: khɑu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNput in manacles is very late and has replaced
    髡  kūn OC: khluun MC: khuo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • npunishment in the form of being shaved bald and beardless like a eunuch (as a milder replacement for castration)
    籍門  jí mén OC: sɡaɡ mɯɯn MC: dziɛk muo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstrike the whole clan off the population register forever
    髕腳  bìn jiǎo MC: bjijX kjak OC: binʔ kaɡ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • DELETEpassivehave one's feet cut offCH
    隸臣  lì chén OC: ɡ-rɯɯds ɡjiŋ MC: lei dʑin 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNdeprive culprit of house servants
    奪爵  duó jué OC: dood tsewɡ MC: dʷɑt tsi̯ɐk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcondemn to removal of rank and privileges
    坐  zuò OC: sɡools MC: dzʷɑ 0 Attributions

    Zuò 坐 refers to a condemned person being held responsible for a criminal act and being punished. See CONDEMN

      Syntactic words
    完  wán OC: ɡoon MC: ɦʷɑn 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpunish lightly by shaving someone's hair off so as to mark him off for menial punitive service
    廢  fèi OC: pods MC: pi̯ɐi 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtake away the right to serve in political functions
    拲  gǒng OC: koŋʔ MC: ki̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nmanacles (ZHOULI)
    • vtoNput wooden handcuffs on a prisoner as punishment
    拶  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    zǎn

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNpunish by squeezing the fingers
    枷  jiā OC: kraal MC: kɣɛ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNapply the wooden collar, cangue
    箈  Click here to add pinyin OC:  MC: 0 Attributions

    chí?

      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcane with short canes