CATEGORY    類

ABSTRACT CONCEPT REFERRING TYPICALLY to MANY THINGS with RESEMBLING FEATURES.
CLASSCLASSIFICATIONGROUPGROUPINGBRACKETHEADINGSETTYPESORTKINDVARIETYSPECIESBREEDBRANDMAKEMODELGRADEORDERRANKPIGEONHOLE
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general current word for the abstract notion of a category of any kind is lèi 類. 2. Shǔ 屬 construes a category as something that concrete things belong to or belong under, and the term is not abstract in force. 3. Zhǒng 種 "kind" emphasises the common origin and derives from the biological notion of a species, and the term often refers specifically to the kinds of grain. 4. Chóu 疇 "natural group a thing belongs to" is not really a logical term of classification but essentially a term belonging to the sociology of animals.
Modern Chinese Criteria
種類 is the most general current word for a category. 類 is a current slightly more colloquial word for a category. 類別 focusses on the distinguishing function of classification. 品類 refers to a man-made category or class. 類型 prototypically focusses on the shared form of what belongs to one category. 門類 emphasises the man-made nature of the category. 部類 is a literary technical term for a category of things in a major scheme of classification. 項目 refers to categories of activities within a project. 品種 refers technically to a variety of goods for sale. 花色 refers idiomatically to a variety of goods for sale. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • GROUP　CATEGORY of PEOPLE OR THINGS which COOPERATE, MUTUALLY RESEMBLE OR are TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE. (anc: 16/0, child: 19)
  • LITERARY GENRE　CATEGORY of LITERATURE. (anc: 16/0, child: 2)
  • NATURAL KIND　NATURAL CATEGORY of CREATURES OR THINGS.[THIS IS NOT GOOD ENOUGH AS IT STANDS... I'M JUST FIXING A PLACE IN WHICH TO DISCUSS THIS CRUCIAL NOTION.CH] (anc: 16/0, child: 0)
See also
  • FEATUREABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE.
Hypernym
  • CONCEPT　ABSTRACT DEFINED IDEA of OBJECTS of THOUGHT. (anc: 14/0, child: 2)
  • IDEA　WHAT one THINKS. (anc: 13/0, child: 3)
  • THINK　ACT USING ONLY the MIND. (anc: 12/0, child: 12)
  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1199

  • Language and Logic Science and Civilisation in China ( HARBSMEIER 1998) p.

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 111

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.77

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 2.1317

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 4.714

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 4.776

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    NATURAL KINDS, SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES

  • Quiddities. An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary ( QUINE 1987) p. 22

    CLASSES VERSUS PROPERTIES

    • Words (40 items)

    類  lèi OC: ruds MC: li 45 Attributions

    The general current word for the abstract notion of a category of any kind is lèi 類.

      Syntactic words
    • nabproper categories, appropriate system of categorisationLZ
    • nab.post-V{NUM}conceptnatural kind, kind, class
    • nab.t:post.-N+zhithe category of items like N
    • nabconceptthe proper category, the right category
    • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    • nabpluraldifferent categories, different species
    • nabpredicate類也: be of the same category; belong to the same class of things
    • nabsingularcategoryLZ
    • nab{PRED}.post-Nbe of the N categoryCH
    • npost-Nnonreferentialpeople or things of the N kind
    • ntpost-Nmembersmembers of the category
    • vtoNbelong to the same category as NLZ
    屬  shǔ OC: djoɡ MC: dʑi̯ok 15 Attributions

    Shǔ 屬 construes a category as something that concrete things belong to or belong under, and the term is not abstract in force.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.t:post.-N+zhithe category of items like N
    • ntpost-Nsubjectwhat belongs to a certain category; the likes of 有血氣之屬
    • vtoNbelong under, belong to; pertain to; belong to the category of
    • vttoN1.+N2to classify N1 as N2, to subsume N1 under N2LZ
    種  zhǒng OC: tjoŋʔ MC: tɕi̯oŋ 15 Attributions

    Zhǒng 種"kind" emphasises the common origin and derives from the biological notion of a species, and the term often refers specifically to the kinds of grain.

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Nthe category of NCH
    • nab.post-V{NUM}kind of thing
    • nab.post-V{NUM}figurativekind, type, category
    • nabsocial(BUDDH:) social class in India: caste (sometimes also: clan, family lineage; see 種姓)
    • nab{PRED}belong to natural categories or kindsCH
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.+Nkinds of 五種人"five kinds of people"
    • npost-Nthe N-breed
    般  bān OC: paan MC: pʷɑn 11 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabcategory, class, sort
    • nab.post-V{NUM}figurativecategory
    • npost-V{INDEF-ARTICLE}.adNcategory
    • npost-V{NUM}.adNx kinds/sorts of N
    • vadNsort of, kind of
    科  kē OC: khool MC: khʷɑ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • ncategory; legal subcategory>paragraph; order of magnitude
    徒  tú OC: daa MC: duo̝ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab.t:post.-N+zhithe category of people of the category N
    • npost-Nnonreferentialkind of person GUAN: 行食之徒 people who wander about in search of something to eat; HSWZ 詐勝之徒 SHIJI 74 NN NN NN 之徒"people like NN"
    倫  lún OC: ɡ-run MC: lʷin 4 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 等/RANK The most general term for relative rank of any kind in any walk of life is děng 等 .

      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Ncategory, sortLZ
    • nab.post-Nlogicalcategory, sortCH
    • nabmetaphysicalclass, category
    剎利王種  chà lì wáng zhǒng OC: tshraad rids ɢʷaŋ tjoŋʔ MC: ʈʂhɣat li ɦi̯ɐŋ tɕi̯oŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhist(BUDDH:) one of the four castes in India: royal kṣatriya caste (see 種姓)
    物  wù OC: mɯd MC: mi̯ut 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalcategory ZHOULI 道馬一物，田馬一物; relative rank; GUOYU: 草木之產各以其物
    婆羅門種  pó luó mén zhǒng OC: baal b-raal mɯɯn tjoŋʔ MC: bʷɑ lɑ muo̝n tɕi̯oŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) one of the four castes in ancient India, the Brahman caste (see 種姓)
    著  zhuó OC: k-laɡ MC: ʈi̯ɐk 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfigurativebelong to, be attached to, pertain to; be openly present in
    部  bù OC: bɯʔ MC: buo̝ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-V{NUM}post-Han: category of books in library science
    • nablogicalestablished categories; predetermined kinds (as opposed natural given kinds)CH
    • npost-V{NUM}.postadNcategory, division, subcategory, part
    黨  dǎng OC: taaŋʔ MC: tɑŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalkind of animal; kind of creature one is (also of humans)
    品  pǐn OC: phrɯmʔ MC: phim 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nclasses of things (e.g. delicacies)
    • nabmathematical termCHEMLA 2003:
    條  tiáo MC: dew OC: ɡ-lɯɯw 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturecategory of itemsCH
    剎利帝種  chà lì dì zhǒng OC: tshraad rids k-leeɡs tjoŋʔ MC: ʈʂhɣat li tei tɕi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1705b-1706b

      Syntactic words
    • NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) skr. Kṣatriya, the second highest caste and refers to land lords (owners). This is the caste of royals (therefore referred to as wángzhǒng 王種 'royal caste'. Members of this caste managed political and military affairs (see 種姓)
    論  lún MC: lwin OC: ɡ-run 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npost-N(= lún 倫) the category/categories of NLZ
    輩  bèi OC: pɯɯls MC: puo̝i 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabhumancategory > sort of person
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.+Nclassifiercategories 四輩弟子
    萬類  wàn lèi MC: -- lwijH OC: mblans ruds 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpluralthe myriad categories; all natural kindsCH
    種姓  zhǒng xìng OC: tjoŋʔ seŋs MC: tɕi̯oŋ siɛŋ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1705b-1706b

      Syntactic words
    • NPabsocial(BUDDH:) the (four) castes in Ancient India; skr. gotra (the four castes are usually referred to as sìxìng 四姓, skr. catvāro varṇāḥ; pali cattāra vaṇṇā; alternative terms are xīyù sìxìng 西域四姓, sì zhǒngxìng 四種姓, sì xìngzhǒng 四姓種, sìpǐn rén 四品人. This refers to the four classes/castes in ancient India: (1) the póluómén 婆羅門 caste; skr. Brāhmaṇa; this refers to the highest class comprising priests and scholar-officials. (2) chàdìlì 剎帝利, skr. Kṣtriya, is the second highest caste and refers to land lords (owners). This is the caste of royals (therefore referred to as wángzhǒng 王種 'royal caste'. Members of this caste managed political and military affairs. (3) The third class is referred to as fèishě 吠舍, or píshě(luó) 毘舍(羅); skr. Vaiśya; other terms include jūshì 居士, shāngjià 商賈, tiánjiā 田家, gōngshī 工師. The class refers to peasants, craftsmen, and merchants. (4) shǒutuóluó 首陀羅, skr. Śūdra, also referred to as shūtuóluó 輸陀羅, shǒutuó 首陀, shùdáluó 戍達羅, shùtuoluó 戍陀羅, shāshēng zhǒng 殺生種 ('the caste which kills life'), èzhǒng 惡種 ('the evil caste'). These terms refer to the very lowest caste, including slaves, butchers, etc. This class did not have the right to make offerings or engage in rituals. After death, members of the first three classes were supposed to be reborn as sentient beings whereas members of the fourth class were regarded as being incapable of being reincarnated (therefore the name yīshēng zǔ 一生祖 'one-life class'.)
    伴輩  bàn bèi OC: baanʔ pɯɯls MC: bʷɑn puo̝i 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPsort, kind of person
    首陀種  shǒu tuó zhǒng OC: qhljuʔ laal tjoŋʔ MC: ɕɨu dɑ tɕi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1705b-1706b

      Syntactic words
    • NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) the lowest caste in Ancient India; shǒutuóluó 首陀羅, skr. Śūdra, also referred to as shūtuóluó 輸陀羅, shǒutuó 首陀, shùdáluó 戍達羅, shùtuoluó 戍陀羅, shāshēng zhǒng 殺生種 ('the caste which kills life'), èzhǒng 惡種 ('the evil caste'). These terms refer to the very lowest caste, including slaves, butchers, etc. This class did not have the right to make offerings or engage in rituals. After death, members of the first three classes were supposed to be reborn as sentient beings whereas members of the fourth class were regarded as being incapable of being reincarnated (therefore the name yīshēng zǔ 一生祖 'one-life class'). (see also 種姓)
    毗舍羅種  pí shě luó zhǒng OC: bi lʰaʔ b-raal tjoŋʔ MC: bi ɕɣɛ lɑ tɕi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 1705b-1706b

      Syntactic words
    • NPabcolloquial(BUDDH:) The third caste in Ancient India is also referred to as fèishě 吠舍, or píshě(luó) 毘舍(羅); skr. Vaiśya; other terms include jūshì 居士, shāngjià 商賈, tiánjiā 田家, gōngshī 工師. The class refers to peasants, craftsmen, and merchants (see 種姓)
    模樣  mú yàng OC: maa k-laŋs MC: muo̝ ji̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabcategory
    • NPabfigurativecategory > unusual behaviour; (act in) a special manner (compare GERMAN "Allueren")
    域  yù OC: ɢʷrɯɡ MC: ɦɨk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalcategory
    姓  xìng OC: seŋs MC: siɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabsocial(BUDDH:) social class/caste in Ancient India; short for zhǒngxìng 種姓
    品類  pǐn lèi MC: phimX lwijH OC: phrɯmʔ ruds 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPpluralcategories of thingsDS
    剎利種  chà lì zhǒng OC: tshraad rids tjoŋʔ MC: ʈʂhɣat li tɕi̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPcolloquial(BUDDH:) the second highest caste in Ancient India (see 種姓); skr. kṣatriya
    流  liú MC: ljuw OC: ru 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabcategoryCH
    六類  liù lèi OC: ɡ-ruɡ ruds MC: luk li 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPbuddhistBUDDH: six types of existence (this is a very rare term for liùdào 六道 'Six Destinies');
    疇  chóu OC: du MC: ɖɨu 1 Attribution

    Chóu 疇 "natural group a thing belongs to" is not really a logical term of classification but essentially a term belonging to the sociology of animals.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalnatural group; (ERYA: classificatory category) ZGC 夫物各有疇 "all things belong to groups"
    等  děng MC: tojX OC: k-lɯɯŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • npost-V{NUM}category, type of approachLZ
    色  sè OC: sqrɯɡ MC: ʂɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nablogicalBuddh: category of physical objects in this world
    醜  chǒu OC: khljuʔ MC: tɕhɨu 0 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 類/CATEGORY The general current word for the abstract notion of a category of any kind is lèi 類.

      Syntactic words
    • nabconceptcategory
    門  mén OC: mɯɯn MC: muo̝n 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabsemanticsection; category 分門別類
    儔  chóu OC: du MC: ɖɨu 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalcategory
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabcategoryCH
    族  zú OC: sɡooɡ MC: dzuk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalSHU: categories; kind
    余一  yú yī yí，yì MC: yo 'jit OC: la qliɡ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPproICH
    樣  yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions

    yàng

      Syntactic words
    • ncpost-V{NUM}.+Nx sorts/categories/types of N