CAUSE    原因

SITUATION OR THING which CAUSES something TO HAPPEN OR to be TRUE.
SOURCEROOTORIGINBEGINNING(S)STARTING POINTMAINSPRINGBASEBASISFOUNDATIONFOUNTAINHEAD
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The general word primarily for something further back in time causing something later in time, but also applied to logical grounds of any kind is gù 故, and the image is that of a solid background against which something is happening. Both subjective reasons and objective causes are referred to by this word. 2. Yīn 因 is what an animate or inanimate agent bases himself on in order to develop or act, and the image is that of leaning on it. 3. Yóu 由 and zì 自 are only occasionally nominalised and metaphorically construe the ground as something from which the consequence "flows", and the image is that of a source from which an action or a process flows. 4. Yǐ 以 is only occasionally nominalised and construes the grounds as something used by the consequence in order for it to be established, and the image is of the use a subject makes, in the course of some action, of something else. 5. Yuán 緣 is construed as grounds one uses as a guideline, and yuán 緣 always indicates grounds used by a person, and the image is of a guideline one follows in action. 6. Jī 機 is an objective cause construed metaphorically as a triggering mechanism for what is caused, and the image is of a mechanism triggering an event or an action.
Modern Chinese Criteria
原因 因 故 緣故 原故 原委 原由 緣由 因由 來由 根由 由 由頭 由來 來頭 refers to a subjective motive behind words or action. rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • BECAUSE　SENTENCE-CONNECTIVE to the effect that S1 is the CAUSE:reason for S2 being TRUE. [GRAMMAR] (anc: 5/0, child: 1)
  • PRETEXT　PRETENDED AND NOT REAL CAUSE for ACTING. (anc: 5/0, child: 0)
  • KARMA　CAUSE which HAS EFFECTS IN FUTURE GENERATIONS. (anc: 5/0, child: 0)
Antonym
  • RESULTSITUATION CAUSED-BY something.
See also
  • BEGINENDURINGLY STOP NOT to ACT OR to BE RESEMBLING:as in the PAST.
  • PASTPERIOD BEFORE NOW.
  • PURPOSEINTENTION one HAS WHEN DOING something, OR INTENTION BASED ON which something is PRODUCED.
Hypernym
  • THING　CONCRETE OBJECT. (anc: 3/0, child: 10)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • PRIME　 (anc: 1/0, child: 2)
Other Hypernyms
  • SITUATION　RELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 11)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 17.42

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 480

    CAUSA est id, cujus vi res est, seu, est principium, unde aliquid suum esse accipit.

    Detailed analysis.

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CAUSA

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 55

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.182

    CAUSALITAS

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.401

    ENDURSACHEN

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.333

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.1317

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 11.377

  • Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy ( ZHANG DAINIAN 2002) p. 276

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p.

    CAUSE, AITIA, CAUSATION

  • Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens ( BAECHTHOLD-STAEUBLI 1987) p. 1.649

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no 100

  • Divisiones quae vulgo dicuntur Aristoteleae ( DIVISIONES 1906) p. no. 18

  • New Dictiornary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols. ( HOROWITZ 2005) p.

    CAUSATION

    CAUSATION IN EAST ASIAN AND SOUTH EAST ASIAN PHILOSOPHY

    CAUSALITY

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 55A

    • Words (40 items)

    所以  suǒ yǐ OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ 41 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.post-Nreason for N, cause of NCH
    • NPpro-Vmetaphysicalcause, the reason why something happened; the reason behind things
    • NPpro-Vnaturalnatural cause of V occurringCH
    • npro-vt.-V國之所以存者"that because of which the state survives": the cause for N V-ing, the reason why N V-sCH
    • npro-vt.-Vthe agential cause of VCH
    • npro-vt.-Vreason why N V-ed
    • npro-vt.-Vsubjectivethe subjective reason for the explicit or implicit subject doing VCH
    故  gù OC: kaas MC: kuo̝ 28 AttributionsWD

    The general word primarily for something further back in time causing something later in time, but also applied to logical grounds of any kind is gù 故, and the image is that of a solid background against which something is happening. Both subjective reasons and objective causes are referred to by this word.

      Syntactic words
    • nab[post-N]N=indefreason for somethingCH
    • nabmetaphysicalreason; precedent, antecedent; what is behind something, background, cause; reasons behind; basic features SHUOWEN: 使為之也。
    • npost-Nthe reason for N; the efficient cause producing/having produced N 
    • npost-NN=situationreason for NCH
    因緣  yīn yuán OC: qin k-lon MC: ʔin jiɛn 19 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: primary and subsidiary causes> cause, reason (determining one's life etc); causal link; karmic background
    • NPpost-Nreason for N; karmic background
    機  jī OC: kɯl MC: kɨi 18 AttributionsWD

    Jī 機 is an objective cause construed metaphorically as a triggering mechanism for what is caused, and the image is of a mechanism triggering an event or an action.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalcausal mechanism; crucial mechanism; underlying mechanism
    以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 11 AttributionsWD

    Yǐ 以 is only occasionally nominalised and construes the grounds as something used by the consequence in order for it to be established, and the image is of the use a subject makes, in the course of some action, of something else.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicale.g. 必有以也 "there must be a reason": reason, grounds
    緣  yuàn OC: k-lons MC: jiɛn 7 AttributionsWD

    Yuán 緣 is construed as grounds one uses as a guideline, and yuán 緣 always indicates grounds used by a person, and the image is of a guideline one follows in action.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalconcrete basis, something to go by, lead; reason; plausible reason; more generally: circumstancesin the BUDDH context secondary causes, conditions as opposed to primary causes yin1 因; skr. hetu
    所自  suǒ zì MC: srjoX dzijH OC: sqraʔ sblids 5 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPproreason, motivationCH
    • NPpro-Vthe objective or subjective cause/motivation from which the V-ing resultsCH
    由  yóu OC: liw MC: jɨu 5 AttributionsWD

    Yóu 由 and zì 自 are only occasionally nominalised and metaphorically construe the ground as something from which the consequence "flows", and the image is that of a source from which an action or a process flows.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalthe wherefrom of things, the source of the existence of things
    • nabpsychthe cause from which something flows
    • vtoN1.adN2caused by> by
    自  zì OC: sblids MC: dzi 4 AttributionsWD

    Yóu 由 and zì 自 are only occasionally nominalised and metaphorically construe the ground as something from which the consequence "flows", and the image is that of a source from which an action or a process flows.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalreason, source (for insight). See SINCE
    • vt+prep+Nstativebe because of the situation described in N
    • vtoNstativebe because of (this)
    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 4 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychreason
    • vtoNabcause (damage, harm etc)CH
    • vtoNpassivebe brought about; be ensuredDS
    • vttoN.+V[0]bring it about that S (cf HYDCD sub verbo no. 29: 使，致使)
    因  yīn OC: qin MC: ʔin 3 AttributionsWD

    Yīn 因 is what an animate or inanimate agent bases himself on in order to develop or act, and the image is that of leaning on it.

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalcause
    所  suǒ OC: sqraʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ 3 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • npro+V.postNthe reason why, that through which =所以
    其所以  qí suǒ yǐ MC: gi srjoX yiX OC: ɡɯ sqraʔ k-lɯʔ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP-V[0]objectivethe objective reason why the subject V-edCH
    足  zú OC: tsoɡs MC: tsi̯o 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]be a sufficient reason to VLZ
    • vtoNbe a sufficient reason for
    生緣  shēng yuán OC: sraaŋ k-lon MC: ʂɣaŋ jiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalproductive cause
    有以  yǒu yǐ MC: hjuwX yiX OC: ɢʷɯʔ k-lɯʔ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP Vhave reason/occasion to VCH
    原  yuán OC: ŋɡon MC: ŋi̯ɐn 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalbasic causes
    所以者  suǒ yǐ zhě OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ kljaʔ MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ tɕɣɛ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalthe reason
    生  shēng MC: sraeng OC: sraaŋ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNfigurativebring aboutCH
    有緣  yǒu yuán OC: ɢʷɯʔ k-lon MC: ɦɨu jiɛn 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]BUDDH: that which has a cause/that which is conditioned > the conditioned, conditioned entities; cause; > conditioned acts
    所以然者  suǒ yǐ rán zhě MC: srjoX yiX nyen tsyaeX OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ njen kljaʔ 2 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabthat by reason of which something is so: reason, causeCH
    致令  zhì lìng OC: k-liɡs ɡ-reŋ MC: ʈi liɛŋ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]cause the contextually determinate N to V
    無所  wú suǒ OC: ma sqraʔ MC: mi̯o ʂi̯ɤ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]have no reason to V
    宿緣  sù yuán OC: suɡ k-lon MC: suk jiɛn 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalcauses from previous lives as present in the present life
    主  zhǔ MC: tsyuX OC: tjoʔ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • nab.post-Ndetermining cause or main factorCH
    所以然  suǒ yǐ rán OC: sqraʔ k-lɯʔ njen MC: ʂi̯ɤ jɨ ȵiɛn 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabclassical Chinese: the reasonCH
    • NPabmetaphysicalChristian Chinese: that by virtue of which something is so> cause
    始  shǐ OC: lʰɯʔ MC: ɕɨ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativebe the initial cause of, originate
    尸  shī OC: qhlji MC: ɕi 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNstativebe the unwitting cause of; preside over unwittingly as the person responsible
    施  shī OC: lʰal MC: ɕiɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNabcause (pain etc) by one's actions
    本  běn OC: pɯɯnʔ MC: puo̝n 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalbasic cause, basic reason 難之本 "the basic reason for the trouble/difficulties"
    之為  zhī wéi OC: kljɯ ɢʷal MC: tɕɨ ɦiɛ 1 AttributionWD
      Syntactic words
    • NP{PRED.}post-Nbe the doing of; be because of N
    緣故  yuán gù OC: k-lon kaas MC: jiɛn kuo̝ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabcause, reason
    業緣  yè yuán OC: ŋab k-lon MC: ŋi̯ɐp jiɛn 0 AttributionsWD
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 5503

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 406d, 408c

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: karmic conditions (SOOTHILL: 404: "karma-cause, karma-cirmumstance, condition, resulting from karma.")
    取  qǔ OC: skhoʔ MC: tshi̯o 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN1.+N2by one's choice of action bring about N1 for N2
    多  duō OC: k-laal MC: tɑ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNabcause much Nab
    所由  suǒ yóu MC: srjoX yuw OC: sqraʔ liw 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPpro-Vthe objective source and cause for there being V-ing CH
    弄  nòng OC: ɡ-rooŋs MC: luŋ 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcause; bring about;
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • VP Vhave reason/occasion to VCH
    求  qiú OC: ɡu MC: gɨu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNbe the cause of, "ask for"
    事由  shì yóu OC: dzrɯs liw MC: ɖʐɨ jɨu 0 AttributionsWD
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalreason