BELIEVE    認為以為

ATTITUDE IN-RELATION-TO a THINK:thought to the effect that this THOUGHT is TRUE.
THINKBE OF THE OPINION THATHAVE AN IDEA THATIMAGINESUSPECTSUPPOSEASSUMEPRESUMETAKE ITCONJECTURESURMISECONCLUDEDEDUCEUNDERSTANDBE GIVEN TO UNDERSTANDGATHERFANCYGUESSDARE SAYRECKONFIGUREWEEN
Old Chinese Criteria
[BASIC/MARGINAL] [EXPLICIT/IMPLICIT] [GENERAL/SPECIFIC] [FALSE/TRUE] [FUTURE/PAST/PRESENT] [HIGH-DEGREE/LOW-DEGREE] [IDIOM/WORD] [OBJECTIVE/SUBJECTIVE] 1. Yǐ wéi 以為 and occasionally also yǐ 以 alone refer to a belief that is typically held to be less than reliable. [EXPLICIT], [GENERAL], [SUBJECTIVE], [VERB] 2. Yǐ 以 alone sometimes refers to a belief that is typically held to be less than reliable, and seems simply short for yǐ wéi 以為. 3. Wèi 謂 typically refers to a mistaken belief. [EXPLICIT], [FALSE!], [SUBJECTIVE], [VERB] 4. Yì 意 refers to guesswork, anticipation and the like. See GUESS [FUTURE] 5. Xìn 信 is sometimes used to refer to conviction, to someone trusting something to be the case or being confident that something is the case. [HIGH-DEGREE], [IMPLICIT], [VERB] 6. Shì yóu 視猶 "look upon as" is occasionally used to refer to a belief attached to an attitude. [IDIOM], [IMPLICIT], [SUBJECTIVE], [VERB] 7. Mín xīn 民心 is public opinion. [IDIOM], [IMPLICIT], [NOUN], [SPECIFIC] 8. Jiàn 見 "view" is very occasionally used figuratively to refer to an opinion. [IMPLICIT], [MARGINAL], [NOUN]; [[RARE]]
Modern Chinese Criteria
認為 以為 覺得 想 道 看 當 作如是觀 相信 憑信 置信 信 確信 堅信 輕信 聽信 耳食 見風是雨 貴耳賤目 以耳代目 當真 認真 (with stress on the second syllable) consider as true. 信以為真 見解 見識 見地 看法 意見 眼光 觀點 宏論 觀 見 意 主見 主心骨 refers to a well-defined point of view. 主張 refers to an opinion insofar as it is maintained, typically in public (and primarily to the maintaining of this opinion). rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • TRUST　BELIEVE someone to be HONEST, AND TREAT that person CONFORMING TO THAT BELIEF. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • SUSPECT　BELIEVE that a PERSON OR ACTION PROBABLY is BAD, LACKING APPROPRIATE PROOF. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • KNOW　BELIEVE SOMETHING AND ASSUME:presuppose that it is TRUE. (anc: 7/0, child: 4)
  • SUPERSTITION　BELIEVE:faith ASSUMED to be NOT BASED ON UNDERSTANDING THINGS. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • APPRECIATE　BELIEVE INTENSELY that something is EXCELLENT, GOOD AND IMPORTANT.  (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • ILLUSION　ENDURINGLY BELIEVE something that is NOT TRUE to be TRUE OR IMAGINE SOMETHING as REALthat is NOT REAL. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • RUMOUR　COMMON BELIEF that is NOT BASED on REALITY. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • GUESS　BELIEF OR SENTENCE:statement which is NOT CERTAIN, OFTEN IN-RELATION-TO the FUTURE. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • FAITH　INTENSE ENDURING BELIEF in a SYSTEM of BASIC TRUTHS IMPORTANT IN-RELATION-TO HUMAN LIFE. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • DOCTRINE　SYSTEM of ARGUED TRANSMITTED BELIEFS. (anc: 7/0, child: 48)
  • FANATICISM　EXCESSIVELY INTENSE BELIEF IN DOCTRINES. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • EXPECT　BELIEVE that an EVENT will HAPPEN OR MAY PROBABLY HAPPEN in the FUTURE. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • OPINION　MEANING of a SENTENCE one BELIEVES to be TRUE. (anc: 7/0, child: 2)
  • FANATIC　BELIEVE EXCESSIVELY STRONGLY, ALTHOUGH LACKING RATIONAL ARGUMENTS, AND ACT OR WISH TO ACT CRUELLY CONFORMING to one's BELIEF. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
  • ASSUME　BELIEVE to be BELIEVED by ALL. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
Antonym
  • DOUBTAWARE that one does NOT KNOW OR UNDERSTAND something.
See also
  • FAITHINTENSE ENDURING BELIEF in a SYSTEM of BASIC TRUTHS IMPORTANT IN-RELATION-TO HUMAN LIFE.
  • OPINIONMEANING of a SENTENCE one BELIEVES to be TRUE.
Hypernym
  • ATTITUDE　RELATION between a HUMAN who FEELS and PERCEIVED OBJECTS involving a TENDENDY to REACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 3)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 17.15

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 179

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 327

    DOXA

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 499

    CREDERE testimonio alicujus propter suam athoritatem acqviescere, seu, alqvid verum judicate propter autoritatum ejus qvi testatur.

    Conc. 1. Narratio aliqua, testimonium. 2. Authoritas hoc est persvasio de narrantis et scientia et conscientia (qvae uno verbo Authoritas) 3. unde provenit assensus.

    Ax. 1. Ubi nullum testimonium (narratio) ibi nulla fides.

    2. Fides athoritate nititur.

    3. Testanti non creadere, est authoritatem ejus in dubium vocare.

    4. Evidenter verum libenter cretitur (qvia sensus com seipso luctari non gaudet)

    5. Credere malle qvam scire est seipsum exoculare, et se errandi periculo exponere.

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    BELIEVE

    censere refers to the considered judgement by a person of considerable status, for example a senator.

    judicare refers prototypically to the considered judgement of someone qualified to judge, like judge in a court of justice.

    arbitrari refers to the considered belief prototypically by someone who is set to assess or arbitrate on a matter.

    opinari is to hold and be prepared to utter a subjective and highly personal opinion as a changeable subjective opinion, and the word has strong connotations of modesty.

    putare is to hold a subjective personal opinion.

    reri is an archaic and poetic word for holding a personal opinion.

    autumare is a highly antiquated word for holding an opinion.

    aestimare is to assess objectively as a competent assessor.

    existimare often involves a moral or personal judgment.

    credere refers to belief on the basis of evidence from others, but the word is characteristically often used ironically.

    OPINION

    sententia refers to the view of a subject resting upon clear perception and an opinion formed through critical reflection.

    opinio refers an opinion resting upon mere feeling.

    suffragio refers to a formal opinion expressed in a vote.

    opinatio refers to an assent to a certain opinion, typically without sufficient reason.

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 44

  • Anthologia sive Florilegium rerum et materiarum selectarum ( LANGIUS 1631) p.

    CREDULITAS

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 424

  • Tolkovo-kombinatornyj slovar' sovremmenogo russkogo jazyka. Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian ( Mel'cuk 1984) p. 867

  • Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du francais contemporain, vol. I ( Mel'cuk I) p. 136

    opinion

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 33

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.3015

  • Handbuch der lateinischen und griechischen Synonymik ( SCHMIDT 1889) p. 113

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 242

  • Using Chinese Synonyms ( GRACE ZHANG 2010) p. 337

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p. 1.532

  • Quiddities. An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary ( QUINE 1987) p. 18

    • Words (28 items)

    以為  yǐ wéi OC: k-lɯʔ ɢʷal MC: jɨ ɦiɛ 143 Attributions

    Yǐ wéi 以為 and occasionally also yǐ 以 alone refer to a belief that is typically held to be less than reliable.

      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]passivebe taken to V; be considered (subjectively and often unjustifiably) as V
    • VPtoNpassivebe taken to be an N; be considered as an N
    • VPtoSgraded甚以為不然"very much believe that this is so": take it to be the case that S(often in polite speech:) to think that, to believe that, be convinced that, feel that
    • VPtoSwronglytake it wrongly to be the case that; wrongly suppose, wrongly imagine
    • VPtt(oN.)+NPab{PRED}consider N to be a case of NPabCH
    • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]consider the contextually determinate object as V; consider that the contextually determinate object Vs 
    • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]passivebelieve the contextually determinate N to VCH
    • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]V[0]=passivedeem N to be V-edCH
    • VPtt(oN1.)+N2{PRED}understood pivotconsider the contextually determinate N1 to be an N2CH
    • VPtt[0](oN).+Vpeople consider N to V; one tended to consider the contextually determinate N as VCH
    • VPttoN.+V[0]reflexive自：take oneself to be V-ing; consider oneself to be V-ing
    • VPttoN1.+N2consider the (often topicalise and preposed) N1 to be N2CH
    • VPttpostNpro.+N{PRED}psychtake oneself to be an N; consider (oneself) an N
    • vtt(oN1.)+N2:postNpropsychconsider something contextually determinate N1 as one's own N2
    為  wéi OC: ɢʷal MC: ɦiɛ 75 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+Nputative; middle voicebe deemed to be N; be considered as N> come to be considered as, come to count as; count as NCH
    • vt+Nputative; middle voice, inchoativeget to be deemed an N, get to be considered to be an NCH
    • vt+V[0]middle voicebe deemed to VCH
    • vtoStake it to be the case that S, consider that S; recognise that SCH
    • vtt(oN.)+V[0]consider the contextually determinate subject N to V
    • vtt+V.postN{OBJ}consider N as V
    • vtt+V:post.vt(oN)consider that the contextually determinate N is V-ing 以為
    • vtt+V:post.vtoN以汝為死"thought you were dead", 以N為V: regard N as V-ing; believe that N V-s 
    • vttoN.+V[0]psychconsider (oneself) to V
    • vttoN1.post-vtoN2{OBJ}consider N2 to be N1; consider N2 to represent N1CH
    • vttoN1{PIVOT].+N2{PRED}pivotconsider N1 to be N2CH
    • vttpostnpro[OBJ].+V猶之為平"still consider it to be plain/level": consider npro to VCH
    謂  wèi OC: ɢuds MC: ɦɨi 39 Attributions

    Wèi 謂 typically refers to a mistaken belief.

      Syntactic words
    • vtoS(often wrongly) imagine that S
    • vtt(oN{PIVOT}.)+N{PRED}believe the contextually determinate pivot N to be the predicate N.
    • vttoN.+V[0]pivotthink of N as V-ing; think of N that he/she/it Vs; deem N to V; think that N will V
    • vttoN.+V[0]reflexive.自consider oneself (typically wrongly) to V
    信  xìn OC: sins MC: sin 39 Attributions

    Xìn 信 is sometimes used to refer to someone trusting something to be the case or being confident that something is the case.

      Word relations
    • Result: 聽/LISTEN The current word for listening is tīng 聽, the nuance often being listening to and at the same time taking note of as sound advice etc.
    • Synon: 是/ASSENT Shì 是 signifies purely intellecual assent with the content of what has been said. [ABSTRACT], [FACTUAL]; [[CURRENT]]
    • Synon: 然/ASSENT The general word expressing approval of what has been said is rán 然 (ant. fǒu 否 "deny") which is neutral and colourless. [FACTUAL!]; [[COMMON]]

      Syntactic words
    • v[adN]pluralBUDDH: believer (in Buddhism); concretely: lay supporter, lay Buddhist
    • vt(oN)believe the contextually determinate N
    • vt+prep+Nbelieve (slanderers etc)
    • vtoNtrust to be true, believe; have faith inalso religiously BUDDH: believe in 信佛語
    • vtoNbelieve what N saidCH
    • vtoNab{S}believe that S
    • vtoNbelieve inbelieve in the existence ofCH
    • vtoNpassivebe believed in; be believed (of a person)
    視  shì OC: ɡljils MC: dʑi
    視  shì OC: ɢljils MC: ʑi 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoN1.-ruòN2look upon (e.g. the people)(e.g. like their father or mother)
    • vtoNpsychlook upon (oneself)
    • vttoN.+V[0]pivottake the view that S obtains, take the view that S is true 　
    • vttoN.+V[0]psychlook upon (oneself) as V-ing [=MSC]
    • vttoN1.+N2{PRED}regard N1 as N2
    以  yǐ OC: k-lɯʔ MC: jɨ 15 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • DELETEN=pivotconsider N to be (the) N{PRED}CH
    • vtoSbelieve that SDS
    • vtt(oN.)+V[0]e.g. 以美於徐公 "consider me to be more handsome than Xu" believe that N V-s
    • vttoN.+V[0]e.g. 以此不信 "consider this to be untrustworthy": think that the N Vs [[Several bad examples have to be removed]]
    • vttoN.+V[0]psychconsider (oneself) to V 
    度  duó OC: ɡ-laaɡ MC: dɑk 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoSconsider that S
    • vttoN.+V[0]psychreckon that (oneself) V-s> believe (oneself) to V,
    謂呼  wèi hū OC: ɢuds qhaa MC: ɦɨi huo̝ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoSwrongly believe that S, imagine wrongly that; consider that
    見處  jiàn chù OC: keens qhljas MC: ken tɕhi̯ɤ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychpoint of view, personal opinion
    意  yì OC: qɯɡs MC: ʔɨ 5 Attributions

    Yì 意 refers to guesswork, anticipation and the like.

      Syntactic words
    • nabpsychidea, thought
    • vtoNab{S}imagine (typically an unlikely situation); guess, anticipate
    • vtoSbelieve/suspect/assume that S
    見  jiàn OC: keens MC: ken 4 Attributions

    Jiàn 見 "view" is very occasionally used figuratively to refer to an opinion.

      Syntactic words
    • npost-Ndoctrine concerning N
    • vtoNpassivebe considered as
    • vtoSconsider (the subject of S as the predicate of S), have the view that
    謂為  wèi wéi OC: ɢuds ɢʷal MC: ɦɨi ɦiɛ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtt(oN.)+V[0]believe N to V
    是非  shì fēi OC: ɡljeʔ pɯl MC: dʑiɛ pɨi 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabpsychopinions on what is right and wrong; firm conception what is right and wrong
    民心  mín xīn OC: min slɯm MC: min sim 2 Attributions

    Mín xīn 民心 is public opinion.

      Syntactic words
    • NPmpublic attitudes/mindset; particularly: the people's allegiance, the people's loyalty
    觀  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNtake a view on (something), have a view on (a subject), understand (something) in a certain way
    • vtoSconsider that S, regard the subject as predicating
    信然  xìn rán OC: sins njen MC: sin ȵiɛn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativetrust in so as to consider as true
    信用  xìn yòng OC: sins k-loŋs MC: sin ji̯oŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativebelieve so as to use and put into practice
    信行  xìn xíng OC: sins ɢraaŋ MC: sin ɦɣaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativebelieve in so as to practice
    以臣觀之  yǐ chén guān zhī OC: k-lɯʔ ɡjiŋ koon kljɯ MC: jɨ dʑin kʷɑn tɕɨ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadSin my opinion
    世  shì OC: lʰebs MC: ɕiɛi 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nby extension, occasionally: current opinion among one's contemporaries
    分  fèn MC: pjun OC: bɯns 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]believe thatDS
    斷見  duàn jiàn OC: toons keens MC: tʷɑn ken 1 Attribution
    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 465

      "ucchedadar$xana; the view that death ends life, in contrast with 常見 that body and soul are eternal—both views being heterodox; also world-extinction and the end of causation."

      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: view that there is a 'cutting off' (type of nihilistic worldview; heretical view that the self is destroyed at the time of death and that there is no rebirth, as such the deeds which one has performed during one's lifetime do not have any consequences); skr. uccheda-dṛṣṭi
    料  liào OC: reews MC: leu 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vttoN.+V[0]pivotreckon that N V-s
    是  shì MC: dzyeX OC: ɡljeʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoSconsider that SCH
    納信  nà xìn OC: nuub sins MC: nəp sin 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNstativeaccept and believe
    信從  xìn cóng OC: sins dzoŋ MC: sin dzi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPtoNresultativebelieve so as to follow in practice
    視猶  shì yóu OC: ɡljils k-lu MC: dʑi jɨu 0 Attributions

    Shì yóu 視猶 "look upon as" is occasionally used to refer to a belief attached to an attitude.

      Syntactic words
    恐  kǒng OC: khoŋʔ MC: khi̯oŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]oSI'm afraid S, I think that S