APPEARANCE    外貌貌

CLEAR:visible BUT SUBJECTIVELY PERCEIVED FEATURES.
Old Chinese Criteria
[[CURRENT/RARE]] [DELIBERATE/INVOLUNTARY] [DYNAMIC/STATIC] [OUTLINE/SURFACE] [SIGNIFICANT/SUPERFICIAL] 1. Mào 貌 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") emphasises the merely external as less than indicative of what is inside, and this is the most general word. [GENERAL], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL] 2. Sè 色 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") is external appearance, particular facial expression, expressive of or productive of feeling. Thus hǎo sè 好色 is the kind of appearance which, being attractive, causes men to feel attracted. Hào sè 好色 "love beautiful women" involves a different meaning of the word: "female beauty; sex". [SIGNIFICANT+], [VOLUNTARY!] 3. Zhuàng 狀 "external shape" and xíng 形 "physical form" (ant. zhì 質 "real inner substance") emphasise three-dimensional appearance as such. See SHAPE [INVOLUNTARY], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL] 4. Zī 姿 is rare and emphasises the dynamic gestural aspect of one's external appearance. [DYNAMIC], [DELIBERATE]; [[RARE]] 5. Tài 態 views external appearance as a typically deliberate manifestation of an attitude or stance. [DELIBERATE], [DYNAMIC], [SIGNIFICANT] 6. Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE] 7. Wài 外 (ant. nèi 內 "inner reality") refers colourlessly and neutrally to outer apperance as opposed to inner reality. [OUTLINE], [STATIC] 8. Xiàng 相 refers to the outward appearance of something as profoundly indicative of inward qualities (as in physiognomy). [INVOLUNTARY], [SIGNIFICANT], [STATIC]
Modern Chinese Criteria
外貌 容貌 相貌 面貌 品貌 貌 容 相 面相 長相 形相 面容 姿容 容顏 眉眼 眉目 面目 模樣 樣子 形容 儀容 臉子 眉宇 (lit) 芝宇 (lit) 眉睫 first rough draft to identify synonym group members for future analysis, based on CL. 18.11.2003. CH/
Hyponym
  • COLOUR　APPEARANCE of SURFACES which REFLECT OR ISSUE LIGHT, PERCEIVED USING the EYES. (anc: 5/0, child: 8)
  • SHAPE　APPEARANCE of the PLACE something is in, as PERCEIVED by the EYES, DISREGARDING the SUBJECTIVITY of the APPEARANCE. (anc: 5/0, child: 13)
  • STYLE　APPEARANCE PREFERRED by an ARTIST in what s/he PRODUCES. (anc: 5/0, child: 0)
  • ODOUR　The APPEARANCE of something which one CAN SMELL. (anc: 5/0, child: 2)
  • FLAVOUR　APPEARANCE PERCEIVED BY TASTING. (anc: 5/0, child: 3)
  • RAINBOW　APPEARANCE OF ROW of COLOURS IN the SKY which APPEARS WHEN there is RAIN DURING SUNSHINE. (anc: 5/0, child: 0)
See also
  • OUTSIDEThe SPACE which does NOT BE-IN something.
Hypernym
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • OBJECT　[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to. (anc: 2/0, child: 6)
  • PRIME　 (anc: 1/0, child: 2)
  • () p. 89

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 15.54

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 106

    APPARENCE

    Useful brief analysis.

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 373

    ERSCHEINUNG

  • De Rerum Humanarum Emendatione ( COMENIUS 1665) p. 464

    APPARENTIA

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 167

  • 論衡同義詞研究 ( LUNHENG TONGYI 2004) p. 69

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. I.452

  • Dictionnaire culturel en langue francaise ( REY 2005) p. 1.411

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 2.724

    ERSCHEINUNG

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 7.462

    PHAENOMEN

  • The Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( BORCHERT 2005) p. 1.229

  • Ästhetische Grundbegriffe ( BARCK 2010) p. 5.365

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.176.136.

    EXTERIEUR.DEHORS.APPARENCE

    • Words (27 items)

    容  róng OC: k-loŋ MC: ji̯oŋ 48 Attributions

    Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 動/MOVE The current general word for movement of any kind, psychological as well as physical, is dòng 動 (ant. jìng 靜 "remain still").
    • Assoc: 服/GARMENT Fú 服 refers to robes or formal dress. See COURT DRESS. The word refers to the specialized dress worn for various opportunities; mainly then to the formal court and ritual dress. The term refers not only to the cloth itself, but also to the various adornments belonging to it: [HUANG 1995: 713 - 714, 716 - 717]
    • Assoc: 色/APPEARANCE Sè 色 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") is external appearance, particular facial expression, expressive of or productive of feeling. Thus hǎo sè 好色 is the kind of appearance which, being attractive, causes men to feel attracted. Hào sè 好色 "love beautiful women" involves a different meaning of the word: "female beauty; sex". [SIGNIFICANT+], [VOLUNTARY!]
    • Assoc: 形/SHAPE The most current general word describing the physical shape of something is xíng 形.
    • Synon: 貌/APPEARANCE Mào 貌 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") emphasises the merely external as less than indicative of what is inside, and this is the most general word. [GENERAL], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL]
    • Oppos: 心/MIND The general word for the mental sphere of man is xīn 心 "HEART> mind" (ant. xíng 形 "physical shape, body", tǐ 體 "limbs, body").

      Syntactic words
    • nabactcharacteristic appearance; physiognomy (also of things generally) bodily comportment, physical expression; especially as expressive of inner mood or personality
    • nabactproper dignified appearance, appropriate form, ritually correct form
    • nabfigurativecharacteristics, description of one's appearance
    相  xiàng OC: sqaŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ 27 Attributions

    Xiàng 相 refers to the outward appearance of something as profoundly indicative of inward qualities (as in physiognomy). [INVOLUNTARY], [SIGNIFICANT], [STATIC]

      Word relations
    • Oppos: 性/BASIC NATURE The current and quite dominant word for the stable inherent and prototypically innate features of something is xìng 性 (ant. wéi 為 "what belongs to human action", and wěi 偽"artificial").

      Syntactic words
    • nabbuddhistBUDDH: characteristic; mark; distinguishing feature; sometimes trans. skr. lakṣana
    • nabfeatureexternal image, appearance 善相"appearance of excellence"
    • n{PRED}have the physiognomy of
    容貌  róng mào OC: k-loŋ mreews MC: ji̯oŋ mɣɛu 15 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPab(.post-N)featurethe contextually determinate N's appearanceCH
    • NPab{N1=N2}featurecomportment and appearance
    狀  zhuàng OC: sɡraŋs MC: ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 15 Attributions

    Zhuàng 狀 "external shape" and xíng 形 "physical form" (ant. zhì 質 "real inner substance") emphasise three-dimensional appearance as such. See SHAPE INVOLUNTARY, STATC, SUPERFICIAL

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureexternal appearance, form
    • nadSapparentlyCH
    色  sè OC: sqrɯɡ MC: ʂɨk 12 Attributions

    Sè 色 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") is external appearance, particular facial expression, expressive of or productive of feeling. Thus hǎo sè 好色 is the kind of appearance which, being attractive, causes men to feel attracted. Hào sè 好色 "love beautiful women" involves a different meaning of the word: "female beauty; sex". [SIGNIFICANT+], [VOLUNTARY!]

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]
    • Oppos: 行/ACT The current general word for any deliberate action one may be held morally and/or administratively responsible for is xíng 行 (ant. zhǐ 止 "decide not to take action"). The nominal entries have the old reading xìng. [COMMENDATORY!], [GENERAL], [HABITUAL], [RESPONSIBLE]
    • Oppos: 納 / 內/INSIDE

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureexpressive appearance, air; facial expression
    貌  mào OC: mreews MC: mɣɛu 12 Attributions

    Mào 貌 (ant. xīn 心 "real inner feelings") emphasises the merely external as less than indicative of what is inside, and this is the most general word. [GENERAL], [STATIC], [SUPERFICIAL]

      Word relations
    • Ant: 情/FEELING Qíng 情 refers specifically to one's real inner state, and one's basic essential feelings, one's essential emotional repertoire, and we have no more "love is a 情" in classical Chinese than "love is a 心".
    • Ant: 質/SUBSTANCE The general term for substance as opposed to form or appearance is zhì 質, and this troubling term desperately need systematic investigation.
    • Synon: 容/APPEARANCE Róng 容 refers to the contours of a person, expecially the contours of his or her face. See FACE. [DYNAMIC], [OUTLINE]

      Syntactic words
    • nabstativecharacteristic external appearance; characteristic outer aspects
    無相  wú xiàng OC: ma sqaŋs MC: mi̯o si̯ɐŋ 10 Attributions
    • 大正新修大藏經 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō Revised Edition of the Buddhist Canon in the Taishō Era ( T.) p. 11: 29a

      大寶積經 5：

      一切諸法本性皆空，一切諸法自性無性。若空無性，彼則一相，所為無相。以無相故，彼得清淨。若空無性，彼即不可以相表示。

      All nature of all dharmas are originally empty, the self-nature of all dharmas is No-nature. If they are empty and without nature, therefore they are WITHOUT MARK/CHARACTERISTIC. Since they are WITHOUT MARK/CHARACTERISTIC, they attain purity. If they are emtpy and without nature, they cannot be expressed through means of a MARK/CHARACTERISTIC.

      Syntactic words
    • NPab.adNbuddhistBUDDH: formless, without mark; without distinguishing features
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: No-mark, No-characteristic, Formlessness (the true feature of all dharmas; see shíxiàng 實相); skr. animitta
    • VPibuddhistBUDDH: be without distinguishing feature, be formless, be No-mark (see also shíxiàng 實相)
    法相  fǎ xiàng OC: pab sqaŋs MC: pi̯ɐp si̯ɐŋ 6 Attributions

      Syntactic words
    • NPabfeatureBUDDH: features of dharmas; mere appearances
    像  xiàng OC: sɢlaŋʔ MC: zi̯ɐŋ 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nshape, image (physical representation of something)
    態  tài OC: nʰɯɯs MC: thəi 4 Attributions

    Tài 態 views external appearance as a typically deliberate manifestation of an attitude or stance. [DELIBERATE], [DYNAMIC], [SIGNIFICANT]

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureappearance, manifestation
    形色  xíng sè OC: ɡeeŋ sqrɯɡ MC: ɦeŋ ʂɨk 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPphysical appearance
    三十二相  sān shí èr xiàng OC: saam ɡjub njis sqaŋs MC: sɑm dʑip ȵi si̯ɐŋ 3 Attributions
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 507

    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p. 60

      "Level feet; thousand spoke wheel sign on feet, long slender fingers, pliant hands and feet; toes and fingers finely webbed, full-sized heels; arched insteps; thighs like a royal stag; hands reaching below the knees; well-retracted male organ; height and stretch of arms equal; every hair-root dark coloured; body hair graceful and curly; golden-hued body; a 10 foot-halo around him; soft smooth skin; the qi1 chu4 七處, i.e. two soles, two palms, two shoulders, and crown well rounded, below the armpits well-filled; lion-shaped body; erect, full shoulders; forty teeth; teeth white even and close; the four canine teeth pure white; lion jawed; saliva improving the taste of all food; tongue long and broad; voice deep and resonant; eyes deep blue; eyelashes like a royal bull; a white uurNnaa or curl between the eyebrows emitting light, an uSsNniSsa or fleshy protuberance on the crown." (The sources of Soothill's interpretation are: Sa1n-za1ng fa3 shu4 三藏法數, jua4n 48; Da4-zhi4-fu4 lu4n 大智度論, jua4n 4; NIRVANA, jua4n 28; MIDDLE AGAMA and the Sa1n-shi2-e4r xia1ng ji1ng 三十二相經. Different lists appear in Wu2-lia4ng yi4 ji1ng 無量意經 and A1-ha2n-ji1ng 阿含經, jua4n 11)

      Syntactic words
    • NPabBUDDH: the thirty-two major physical characterstics of a Buddha; skr. dvātriṃśadvaralakṣaṇa
    • NPadNbuddhistBUDDH: equipped with the thirty-two major physical characterstics of a Buddha
    姿  zī OC: sti MC: tsi 3 Attributions

    Zī 姿 is rare and emphasises the dynamic gestural aspect of one's external appearance. [DYNAMIC], [VOLUNTARY]; [RARE]

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeaturelooks, appearance; posture; manner
    外  wài OC: ŋoods MC: ŋɑi 2 Attributions

    Wài 外 (ant. nèi 內 "inner reality") refers colourlessly and neutrally to outer apperance as opposed to inner reality. [OUTLINE], [STATIC]

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureouter appearance
    • nabpositivefine appearanceLZ
    四相  sì xiàng OC: plids sqaŋs MC: si si̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalBUDDH: the four marks or features of all existing phenomena: 生 birth/arising 住 conintuation/abiding 異 change 滅 extinction/cessation See DDB: http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?56.xml+id('b56db-76f8')
    形狀  xíng zhuàng OC: ɡeeŋ sɡraŋs MC: ɦeŋ ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabappearance
    聲  shēng OC: qjeŋ MC: ɕiɛŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalpublic appearace
    觀  guān OC: koon MC: kʷɑn 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalwhat may be observed: appearance MO
    • nabpositiveattractive appearanceLZ
    跡  jì, jī MC: tsjeH OC: sklaɡ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabmaterial external appearance, material evidenceCH
    肖象  xiào xiàng MC: -- zjangX OC: smews sɢlaŋʔ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab=肖像 false appearances, misleading appearancesCH
    儀狀  yí zhuàng MC: ngje -- OC: ŋral sɡraŋs 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabappearanceCH
    相形  xiāng xíng OC: sqaŋ ɡeeŋ MC: si̯ɐŋ ɦeŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabfigurativemark; characterstic; feature
    外貌  wài mào MC: ngwajH -- OC: ŋoods mreews 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPab.adVin appearanceCH
    相狀  xiàng zhuàng OC: sqaŋs sɡraŋs MC: si̯ɐŋ ɖʐi̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPfeatureappearance, external image (Northern Wei ?)
    樣  yàng OC: k-laŋs MC: ji̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution

    yàng

      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureTANG, Dù Fǔ: appearance, shape
    梵音相  fàn yīn xiàng OC: bloms qrɯm sqaŋs MC: bi̯ɐm ʔim si̯ɐŋ 1 Attribution
    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 4634c

      Syntactic words
    • NPabBUDDH: one of the thirty-two physical characteristics (see 三十二相) of a Buddha: the sound of the voice of the Buddha, being described as pure and resembling the sound of heavenly drums; whoever hears it feels joy and gains profit; SANSKRIT brahma-svara; PALI brahmassara
    陽  yáng OC: k-laŋ MC: ji̯ɐŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureZHUANG: external appearance