SHOULD    應該當

Be APPROPRIATE for a HUMAN to ACT:do something DEFINITE.
OBLIGATIONDUTYCOMMITMENTRESPONSIBILITY MORAL IMPERATIVEFUNCTIONTASKJOBASSIGNMENTCOMMISSIONBURDENCHARGEONUSLIABILITYACCOUNTABILITYREQUIREMENTDEBTMUSTOUGHT TO
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something. 2. Yí 宜 emphasises that what one should do is indeed fitting and proper. 3. Bù kě bù 不可不 construes obligation as inevitability or inescapablitity. 4. Bì 必 emphasises obligation as ineluctable and expresses a stronger obligation than bù kě bù 不可不. 5. Mò rú 莫如 emphasises that some obligation represents the best of several options. 6. Qí 其 expresses a colourless rather weak obligation to do something. 7. Kě 可 precedes passivised verbs and expresses the idea that some object should be VERBed. See MUST
Modern Chinese Criteria
必須 必要 必需 需要 須要 應該 is the current general word referring to any moral or pragmatic obligation. 活該 refers to what one basically should do for moral reasons. 應當 is a slightly formal word for what is practically appropriate and therefore an obligation. 會當 focusses on the contingent appropriateness of the practical obligation. 理當 focusses on the principled nature of the practical obligation. 會須 focusses on the contingent appropriateness of what would be done. 理應 focusses on the principled nature of the obligation. 自當 focusses on the natural basis for the obligation. 該 is colloquial and short for 應該. 應 is formal and short for 應該. 當 is a little old-fashioned and short for 應當. 理合 合當 合 宜 相應 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Hyponym
  • RESPONSIBILITY　ENDURING SHOULD:obligation TO ACT CONFORMING to certain RULES. (anc: 7/0, child: 1)
  • OWE　SHOULD:to have an obligation to PAY someone MONEY. (anc: 7/0, child: 0)
See also
  • DESERVEBe APPROPRIATE:fitting to RECEIVE a certain PROFIT, DAMAGE:harm, REWARD, OR PUNISHMENT.
  • DUTYACTS which are MORALLY APPROPRIATE for someone in a DEFINED SITUATION.
Hypernym
  • APPROPRIATE　EXCELLENT in a DEFINED SITUATION OR FOR a DEFINED NEED. (anc: 5/0, child: 8)
  • EXCELLENT　FEATURE BECAUSE of which SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS OR SHOULD BE PREFERRED to OTHERS (anc: 4/0, child: 11)
  • FEATURE　ABSTRACT OBJECT a THING is SAID to BE OR to HAVE. (anc: 3/0, child: 19)
  • Les notions philosophiques Encyclopedie philosophique universelle ( AUROUX 1990) p. 214

    AVOIR A

    This refers not to obligation as such, but to obligation as a consequence of one's contingent place in the universe.

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 9.94

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 1194

  • Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles ( CASSIN 2004) p. 299

    DEVOIR

  • Traite elementaire des synonymes grecques ( DUFOUR 1910) p. 59

  • Woerterbuch der Philosophie. Neue Beitraege zu einer Kritik der Sprache ( MAUTHNER WP 1924) p. III.191

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 6.914

    NORM II

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 9.1023

    SOLLEN

  • 東漢﹣隨常用詞演變研究 ( WANG WEIHUI 2000) p. 315

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 46

  • SYNONYMES FRANÇOIS, LEURS DIFFÉRENTES SIGNIFICATIONS, ET LE CHOIX QU'IL EN FAUT FAIRE Pour parler avec justesse ( GIRARD 1769) p. 1.113.80

    IL FAUT.IL EST NECESSAIRE.ON DOIT

  • Handbook of Greek Synonymes, from the French of M. Alex. Pillon, Librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale , at Paris, and one of the editors of the new edition of Plaché's Dictionnaire Grec-Français, edited, with notes, by the Rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( PILLON 1850) p. no.161

  • Bibliographisches Handbuch zur Sprachinhaltsforschung. Teil II. Systematischer Teil. B. Ordnung nach Sinnbezirken (mit einem alphabetischen Begriffsschluessel): Der Mensch und seine Welt im Spiegel der Sprachforschung ( FRANKE 1989) p. 59A

    • Words (49 items)

    不可不  bù kě bù OC: pɯʔ khlaalʔ pɯʔ MC: pi̯ut khɑ pi̯ut 57 Attributions

    Bù kě bù 不可不 construes obligation as inevitability or inescapablitity.

      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]have to; must; should by all means; should not fail to
    • VPt+V[0]{PASS}should by all means be V-ed
    不如  bù rú OC: pɯʔ nja MC: pi̯ut ȵi̯ɤ 53 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]had better, should ideally, should under the circumstances, should given the alternatives that the situation presents
    • VPt[0]+V[0]It is best to V!
    當  dāng OC: taaŋ MC: tɑŋ 50 Attributions

    The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 須/SHOULD
    • Synon: 宜/SHOULD Yí 宜 emphasises that what one should do is indeed fitting and proper.

    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 411-412

      The original meaning of the verb is 'to be appropriate'. As modal verb da1ng expresses deontic modality (obligation) and epistemic modality (necessity). However, the original meaning of the verb often has not completely faded away in the usage as modal verb ('be appropriate to V').

      Da1ng cannot only express that an action should be performed by the agent but it can also indicate that an action is BOUND TO HAPPEN. Thus the modal verb indicates that an action or state will certainly take place or be achieved in the future ('BE BOUND TO'). In this funtion, the modal verb is typically used in PREDICTIONS in ZTJ. Note that modal verb 須 does not have this function.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]should appropriately; be due to, be supposed to; be bound to; must; HANSHU 65: ought to (be caned); deserve to; shouldNOTE THAT MANY OF THESE ATTRIBUTIONS HAVE TO BE MOVED TO vt[0]+V[0]
    • vt+V[0]irrealisshould have V-ed
    • vt[0]+V[0]one should (NOTE THAT MANY ATTRIBUTIONS FROM vt+V[0] HAVE TO BE MOVED HERE.)
    可  kě OC: khlaalʔ MC: khɑ 48 Attributions

    Kě 可 precedes passivised verbs and expresses the idea that some object should be VERBed. See MUST

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]V=activeshould; often imperative: must
    • vt+V[0]{PASS}may properly be VERBED, should in effect be VERBED
    • vt[0]+V[0]absoluteone should
    其  qí OC: ɡɯ MC: gɨ 44 Attributions

    Qí 其 expresses a colourless rather weak obligation to do something.

      Syntactic words
    • padV(imperative:) must; (general:) should; had better
    不可  bù kě OC: pɯʔ khlaalʔ MC: pi̯ut khɑ 38 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]V=activeshould notCH
    • VPt+V[0]V=passive不可從"should not be followed": should not be Vt-ed；　must not be Vt-edCH
    必  bì OC: piɡ MC: pit 36 Attributions

    Bì 必 emphasises obligation as ineluctable and expresses a stronger obligation than bù kě bù 不可不.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]morally imperativeimperative: should certainly; should necessarily; must absolutely
    • vt[0] V(0)imperativeyou must now, absolutelyCH
    • vt[0]+V[0]it is imperative to V; it is obligatory that one should V
    宜  yí OC: ŋɡral MC: ŋiɛ 30 Attributions

    Yí 宜 emphasises that what one should do is indeed fitting and proper.

      Word relations
    • Synon: 當/SHOULD The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]be obliged to; ought to, should fittingly, have a duty to; deserve to be (VERBED); it is right that; shall
    • vt+V[0]counterfactualshould have宜云 "It (the text) should have said
    • vt[0]+V[0]one must V;
    • vtoVV=passiveshould be V-edCH
    將  jiāng OC: skaŋ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ 26 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]should; would have to; must
    可以  kě yǐ OC: khlaalʔ k-lɯʔ MC: khɑ jɨ 25 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]typically negatede.g. 不可以 "should (thus 以之) not, should never, must never": should should never
    • VPt[0]+Sit is inadmissible that S
    • VPt[0]+V[0]one should (not)
    欲  yù OC: k-loɡ MC: ji̯ok 20 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]generalshould (in one's own interest) 不欲 "should not"
    應  yīng OC: qɯŋ MC: ʔɨŋ 19 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]ought to; should, must
    • vt+V[0]counterfactualshould have
    • vt[0]+V[0]one should
    須  xū OC: so MC: si̯o 14 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Assoc: 當/SHOULD The current general word expressing obligation is dāng 當, and this word focusses on the fact that one is objectively obliged to do something.

    • Studies in the Language of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 ( ANDERL 2004B) p. 412-416

      In AC xu1 was not yet used as modal verb and early examples date from EMC times. In ZTJ it is frequently used as modal verb expressing obligation (deontic modality), expressing recommendations and exhortations. There is often a strong notion of obligation and the modal verb is often modified by an intensifier: "you really should...". The obligation is often defined by 'moral' standards in concrete social or/and institutional

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]need to> should, must
    • vt+V[0]subject=nonhumanshould naturally
    應當  yīng dāng OC: qɯŋ taaŋ MC: ʔɨŋ tɑŋ 12 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]ought to, should; one must
    • VPt+V[0]counterfactualshould (but don't)
    無然  wú rán OC: ma njen MC: mi̯o ȵiɛn 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt(+V[0])should not do the contextually determinate thing
    • VPt+V[0]SHI, ZUO: should not
    如  rú OC: nja MC: ȵi̯ɤ 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]should
    • vt[0]+V[0]one must; one should
    得  dé OC: tɯɯɡ MC: tək 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]should; be permitted to (often negated: 不得，無得)
    • vt+V[0]negativeshould (not)
    何不  hé bù OC: ɡlaal pɯʔ MC: ɦɑ pi̯ut 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • PP+V{PRED}(.postN{SUBJ})you surely should, why don't you
    不若  bù ruò OC: pɯʔ njaɡ MC: pi̯ut ȵi̯ɐk 9 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]had better, must
    • VPt0+V(0)copulait is best; it is better to
    莫如  mò rú OC: maaɡ nja MC: mɑk ȵi̯ɤ 7 Attributions

    Mò rú 莫如 emphasises that some obligation represents the best of several options.

      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should best be; the best thing is to
    且  qiě OC:  MC: tshɣɛ 7 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • padVmodalpreverbal particle expressing a mild imperative/request/ recommendation
    且要  qiě yào OC: qews MC: tshɣɛ ʔiɛu 6 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]intensitiveshould, must
    不可以不  bù kě yǐ bù OC: pɯʔ khlaalʔ k-lɯʔ pɯʔ MC: pi̯ut khɑ jɨ pi̯ut 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]must; must not fail to
    合  hé OC: ɡloob MC: ɦəp 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]should, be appropriate toJZ 4.18: (mathematically) one should...
    胡不  hú bù MC: hu pjut OC: ɡaa pɯʔ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt+V(0)should; CH
    宜應  yí yīng OC: ŋɡral qɯŋ MC: ŋiɛ ʔɨŋ 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should
    宜當  yí dāng OC: ŋɡral taaŋ MC: ŋiɛ tɑŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should V, have the obligation to V
    不得不  bù dé bù OC: pɯʔ tɯɯɡ pɯʔ MC: pi̯ut tək pi̯ut 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should on all occasions, must absolutely, strictly have to; willy nilly have to;
    必且  bì qiě OC: piɡ MC: pit tshɣɛ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]must certainly
    要當  yào dāng OC: qews taaŋ MC: ʔiɛu tɑŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]have to, need to
    須是  xū shì OC: so ɡljeʔ MC: si̯o dʑiɛ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[0]+V[0]one should
    宜可  yí kě OC: ŋɡral khlaalʔ MC: ŋiɛ khɑ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should, shall (this disyllabic modal verb indicates obligation and is frequently used in sutra translations and other Buddhist texts; unlike other modal verbs of obligation (which often appear in sentences expressing requests), the subject of 宜可 is frequently a first person pronoun, indicating a strong intention of the speaker: > shall, intent to; as such the modal verb frequently expresses an obligation directed towards the speaker himself (expressing his feeling of responsibility or appropriateness in a given situation), rather than being directed towards the person addressed)
    將必  jiāng bì OC: skaŋ piɡ MC: tsi̯ɐŋ pit 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]must
    任當  rèn dāng OC: njɯms taaŋ MC: ȵim tɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]have to, should appropriately
    要  yào OC: qews MC: ʔiɛu 1 Attribution
    • 漢語歷史語法要略 Hànyǔ lìshǐ yǔfǎ yào lüè An Outline of a Historical Grammar of Chinese ( SUN XIXIN 1992) p. 146

      Syntactic words
    • vt+V[0]modal verb expressing deontic modality: should (from the Six Dynasties period, e.g. SHISHUO)
    若之何不  ruò zhī hé bù OC: njaɡ kljɯ ɡlaal pɯʔ MC: ȵi̯ɐk tɕɨ ɦɑ pi̯ut 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]expected answer: no!how can one not?, how can one fail to
    自當  zì dāng MC: dzijH tang OC: sblids taaŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt V[0]naturally should CH
    即須  jí xū OC: tsɯɡ so MC: tsɨk si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadV.postN{SUBJ}should immediately
    要須  yào xū OC: qews so MC: ʔiɛu si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should, must, be required to
    應須  yīng xū OC: qɯŋ so MC: ʔɨŋ si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should
    毋敢  wú gǎn OC: ma klaamʔ MC: mi̯o kɑm 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[0]+V[0]don't you dare to V
    寧可  níng kě OC: neeŋ khlaalʔ MC: neŋ khɑ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should, had better
    直須  zhí xū OC: dɯɡ so MC: ɖɨk si̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]intensitivereally should V; it is of absolute necessity to V (a complex modal verb conveying a strong notion of obligation)
    且須  qiě xū OC: so MC: tshɣɛ si̯o 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should, must
    自可  zì kě OC: sblids khlaalʔ MC: dzi khɑ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt[0]+V[0]one should/might basically (DCD 8.1308)
    急當  jí dāng OC: krɯb taaŋ MC: kip tɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]should urgently
    惟當  wéi dāng OC: k-lul taaŋ MC: ji tɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPt+V[0]counterfactualshould have
    惟  wéi OC: k-lul MC: ji 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt[0]+V[0]we should V
    惠  huì OC: ɢʷiids MC: ɦei 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vt0oNcopulaOBI 4: This character is sometimes used to transcribe the upper part of itself, without the heart radical, this latter character meaning "should be" in OBI.