EMPTY    空虛虛

LACK ALL POSSIBLE THINGS INSIDE.
VACANTUNOCCUPIEDUNINHABITEDUNTENANTEDBAREDESOLATEDESERTEDABANDONEDCLEARFREEVOIDDEVOID OFEMPTY OFVACANT OFBEREFT OFFREE FROMLACKINGWANTINGWITHOUTWITH NARY A
Old Chinese Criteria
1. The most geneal word is xū 虛 (ant. shí 實 "substantial and full") which can refer both to physical emptiness of a space and to abstract emptiness or tenuousness as a philosophical concept. 2. Kōng 空 (ant. mǎn 滿 "filled up") generally refers to literal emptiness of a container, but used adjectivally the word also has abstract uses as in kōng yán 空言 "empty words, abstract insubstantial discourse". 3. Wú 無 (ant. yǒu 有 "existence") refers to the philosophical abstract construct of "nothingness, emptiness". 4. Kuò 廓 and kuàng 曠 emphasise the expansiveness of the empty space.
Modern Chinese Criteria
空洞 空虛 虛空 空疏 虛無 懸空 架空 空幻 虛幻 虛飄飄 虛無縹緲 不著邊際 華而不實 紙上談兵 空洞無物 言之無物 空空如也 rough draft to BEGIN TO identify synonym group members for analysis, based on CL etc. 18.11.2003. CH ／
Antonym
  • FULLLACK EMPTY PLACE INSIDE oneself.
  • OBJECT[NO HYPERNYM.] WHAT one CAN NAME:refer to.
See also
  • ABSTRACTLACKING REFER-TO:reference to CONCRETE THINGS.
  • SURFACE[MATHEMATICS]
Hypernym
  • LACK　SITUATION OF NOT HAVING, OR NOT to BEING-IN the UNIVERSE. (anc: 6/0, child: 48)
  • SITUATION　RELATION in which MANY HUMANS, FEATURES OR THINGS EXIST TOGETHER OR INTERACT. (anc: 5/0, child: 11)
  • RELATION　FEATURE of TWO OR MORE THINGS TOGETHER. (anc: 4/0, child: 15)
  • Novyj objasnitel'nyj Slovar' Sinonimov Russkogo Jazyka ( APRESJAN 2004) p. 787;899

  • A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages ( BUCK 1988) p. 13.22

  • Lateinische Synonyme und Etymologien ( DOEDERLEIN 1840) p.

    EMPTY

    inanis refers to what is empty but has been full of content.

    vacuus refers to emptiness of that which may be filled but is at prsent vacant.

  • 韓非子同義詞研究 ( HANFEI TONGYI 2004) p. 351

  • “荀子”單音節形容詞同義關係研究 ( HUANG XIAODONG 2003) p. 220

  • Lateinische Synonymik ( MENGE) p. 313

  • Historisches Woerterbuch der Philosophie ( RITTER 1971-2007) p. 5.157

  • Chinese Synonyms Usage Dictionary ( TENG SHOU-HSIN 1996) p. 272

  • 古漢語常用詞同義詞詞典 ( HONG CHENGYU 2009) p. 273

    • Words (36 items)

    虛  xū OC: qhla MC: hi̯ɤ 50 Attributions

    The most geneal word is xū 虛 (ant. shí 實 "substantial and full") which can refer both to physical emptiness of a space and to abstract emptiness or tenuousness as a philosophical concept.

      Word relations
    • Ant: 實/FULL Shí 實 can refer to something being full of solid substance, and thus by extension not tenuous or unimportant.
    • Ant: 盈/FULL The ancient standard word for fullness of any kind is yíng 盈.
    • Epithet: 辭/PROSE
    • Epithet: 一/ONE The general word for one is yī 一.
    • Assoc: 浮/FRIVOLOUS Fú 浮 sometimes refers to the kind of flippancy or frivolousness that might call for criticism but is not viewed as entirely serious.
    • Assoc: 空/EMPTY Kōng 空 (ant. mǎn 滿 "filled up") generally refers to literal emptiness of a container, but used adjectivally the word also has abstract uses as in kōng yán 空言 "empty words, abstract insubstantial discourse".
    • Assoc: 華/EXTRAVAGANT Huá 華 is purely demonstrative conspicuous and aesthetically elaborate consumption.　huā???
    • Assoc: 假/MISTAKE
    • Assoc: 靜/INACTIVE The standard general word for remaining inactive is jìng 靜 (ant. dòng 動 "take an initiative")
    • Synon: 空/EMPTY Kōng 空 (ant. mǎn 滿 "filled up") generally refers to literal emptiness of a container, but used adjectivally the word also has abstract uses as in kōng yán 空言 "empty words, abstract insubstantial discourse".

      Syntactic words
    • nabemptiness, empty space; depletion; voidness;
    • nabactthe cultivation of emptiness
    • nabmethod(abstract) emptiness (of mind)
    • nabpoeticderived: meaninglessnessCH
    • vadNfigurativeinsubstantial, inconsequential; rarified; vacant; also generally: empty; characterised by emptiness 虛月 "months where they are empty"
    • vadVfigurativeinconsequentially; groundlessly, without a basis in facts; without sound reason; pointlessly; in vain
    • vibe literally empty (like storehouses etc)
    • viactbe vacant; be open-minded; cultivate emptiness; be empty and receptive
    • viderivedhave empty handsLZ
    • viinchoativeget empty, be emptied outCH
    • vtoNcausativecause to be empty; allow to be empty
    • vtoNcausativecause (oneself) to be empty
    • vtoNcausativemake (oneself) empty, make oneself open-minded, become open-minded 虛己
    • vtoNfigurativecause (the mind etc) to be without special ambitions and preoccupations 虛心
    空  kōng OC: khooŋ MC: khuŋ 44 Attributions

    Kōng 空 (ant. mǎn 滿 "filled up") generally refers to literal emptiness of a container, but used adjectivally the word also has abstract uses as in kōng yán 空言 "empty words, abstract insubstantial discourse".

      Word relations
    • Ant: 滿/FULL Mǎn 滿 became current in late Warring States times only, and the word is semantically hard to distinguish from yíng 盈.
    • Ant: 實/FULL Shí 實 can refer to something being full of solid substance, and thus by extension not tenuous or unimportant.
    • Assoc: 虛/EMPTY The most geneal word is xū 虛 (ant. shí 實 "substantial and full") which can refer both to physical emptiness of a space and to abstract emptiness or tenuousness as a philosophical concept.
    • Synon: 虛/EMPTY The most geneal word is xū 虛 (ant. shí 實 "substantial and full") which can refer both to physical emptiness of a space and to abstract emptiness or tenuousness as a philosophical concept.
    • Oppos: 色/THING

    • 佛光大辭典 Fóguāng dàcídiǎn The Foguang Dictionary of Buddhism ( FOGUANG) p. 3467

    • 望月佛教大辭典 Mochizuki Bukkyō Daijiten The Mochizuki Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhism ( MOCHIZUKI) p. 2356b

    • 望月佛教大辭典 Mochizuki Bukkyō Daijiten The Mochizuki Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhism ( MOCHIZUKI) p. 636a

    • Digital Dictionary of Buddhism ( MULLER) p.

      "Non-existence, voidness sSuunyataa); The opposite of yo3u 有-the negation of existence. As the rejection by the Buddha of this emptiness being simply the mistaken view of nothingness xu1wu2 虛無, this basic Buddhist teaching of emptiness is the negation of the two mistaken views of the acceptance of the real existence of a self wo3 我, and the understanding of an eternal nature of the compositional elements (fa3 法) that make up the world or the self. Therefore, it is an emptiness of self and dharmas. Among Hinayanists the Satyasiddhi sect (Che2ngshi2 zo1ng 成實宗) and in Mahaayaana teachings the Maadhyamika (Zh1onggua1n pa4i) 中觀派 and others strongly emphasized this teaching. Among the sutras, the PrajNNaapaaramitaa sutras all especially emphasize this teaching. Among the various understandings of emptiness are analytical emptiness and essential emptiness, as well as only emptiness and not-only-emptiness and so forth. As the teaching of emptiness is originally for the destruction of the attachment to false view, there is also the meaning of becoming empty-to break attachment. [cmuller]"

    • 佛教語大辭典 Bukkyōgo daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms ( NAKAMURA) p. 278d

    • 佛教大辭典 Bukkyō daijiten Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhism ( ODA) p. 277-2

    • A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms ( SOOTHILL) p.

      " sSuunya, empty, void, hollow, vacant, nonexistent. sSuunyataa, 舜若多, vacuity, voidness, emptiness, non-existence, immateriality, perhaps spirituality, unreality, the false or illusory nature of all existence, the seeming jia3 假 being unreal. The doctrine that all phenomena and the ego have no reality, but are composed of a certain number of skandhas or elements, which disintegrate. The void, the sky, space. The universal, the absolute, complete abstraction without relativity. There are classifications into 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, and 18 categories. The doctrine is that all things are compounds, or unstable organisms, possessing no self-essence, i.e. are dependent, or caused, come into existence only to perish. The underlying reality, the principle of eternal relativity, or non-infinity, i.e. sSuunya, permeates all phenomena making possible their evolution. From this doctrine the Yogaacaarya school developed the idea of the permanent reality, which is Essence of Mind, the unknowable noumenon behind all phenomena, the entity void of ideas and phenomena, neither matter nor mind, but the root of both."

    • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 102-103

      "Thus 'dharma-nature' [dharmataa 法性] represents the principle of dependent co-arising. But in the context of Buddhist doctrinal theory, 'impermanence' (anityataa) and 'selflessness' (nairaatmya < niraataman=anaatan) are also equally 'Dharma-nature'. And in Mahaayaana Buddhism this same priniciple of dependant co-arising or the condition of no-self was renamed 'emptiness' (sSuunyataa, ko1ngxi4ng 空性). 'Emptiness' is expressed by the proposition that 'all is empty' (sarvaMm sSuunyam, yi1qie4jie1ko1ng 一切皆空) and is held to signify the absence of any own-nature in all constituent elements. 'Own-nature' (svabhaava, zi4xi4ng 自性) here means any autonomous entity which preserves a uniform quality and is independent of other, and corresponds to the aatman postulated by non-Buddhists. Therefore no-self in equivalent to the absence of own-nature, and both describe the state of dependent co-arising."

    • An Introduction to Buddhism ( TAKASAKI 1987) p. 195-196

      In the prajNNaa-paaramitaa literature, emptiness is one of the 'gates of liberation':

      "The fifth perfection, 'meditation' (dhyaana, cha2ndi4ng 禪定), is also strongly coloured by the characeristics of Mahaayaana Buddhism, and its fundament is the 'three gates of liberation' (triiNni vimokSsa-mukhaani, sa1n jie3tuo2 me2n), consisting of 'emptiness' (sSuunyataa, ko1ng 空), 'signlessness' (aanimitta, wu2xia1ng 無相), and 'purposelessness' (apraNnihita, wu2yua4n 無願). These are three forms of meditation in which all phenomena are observed to be empty, without any distinguishing characteristics, and not to be made the objects of desire, and these three meditations are regarded as the gates of liberations."

    • 禪學大辭典 Zengaku Daijiten An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zen Buddhism ( ZENGAKU) p. 240c

      Syntactic words
    • nempty space
    • nabmetaphysicalemptiness 養空 "cultivate emptiness"BUDDH: emptiness, voidness (the notion of emptiness developed into one of the key terms of Mahāyāna Buddhism; for explanations in secondary literature see 'sources'); SANSKRIT śūnyatā
    • vad.VadN空大谷
    • vadNempty; empty of relevant content (an empty pond, for example, may be just empty of fish etc)
    • vadNbuddhistinsubstantial (without reality)
    • vadVemptily, in an empty state
    • viempty, without content
    • vi-pderived, psychologicalbe blank in one's mindCH
    • vi-Pfigurativebe empty (and all receptive?) 
    • vi.redbe all empty
    • vibuddhistBUDDH: empty, void, insubstantial (without self-nature, interdependent, and subject to constant change); skr. śūnya
    • vtoNcausative(to cause to be empty>) to deplete, to empty
    • vtoNcausativebe emptied
    空虛  kōng xū OC: khooŋ qhla MC: khuŋ hi̯ɤ 21 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabemptiness; empty disorientation
    • NPsubjectthat which is all empty and deserted; empty space
    • VPifigurativebe empty, disorientated and receptive; be all empty
    • VPiintensitivebe all empty; also poetically: be all empty and deserted
    空寂  kōng jì OC: khooŋ sɡlɯɯwɡ MC: khuŋ dzek 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPifigurativeBUDDH: be empty > be insubstantial; existing only in dependance of other factors
    虛無  xū wú OC: qhla ma MC: hi̯ɤ mi̯o 5 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalemptiness; receptiveness to relevant experience
    • NPabpoeticinsignificance; meaninglessness; pointlessness,CH
    • viactpractice emptiness
    • VPadNnonreferentialwhat is/seems devoid of significanceCH
    • VPibe inane
    寥  liáo OC: ɡ-rɯɯw MC: leu 4 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vivoid; empty; deserted
    • vi.redbe all empty
    • vtoNcausativeempty outCH
    虛空  xū kōng OC: qhla khooŋ MC: hi̯ɤ khuŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPempty space
    • NPabfigurativeBUDDH: emptiness, voidness; SANSKRIT Śūnyatā (see also 空)
    • VPadNfigurativedestitute
    • VPifigurativebe completely empty>without resources
    曠  kuàng OC: khʷaaŋs MC: khɑŋ 3 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vibe vast and empty
    • vtoNcausativeleave empty; cause to be all empty
    無形  wú xíng OC: ma ɡeeŋ MC: mi̯o ɦeŋ 2 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NP[adN]what has no shapeCH
    • NPabmetathe formless
    • VPibe without physcial form or manifestation; be incorporeal
    沖  chōng OC: ɡrluŋ MC: ɖuŋ 2 Attributions

      Word relations
    • Ant: 盈/FULL The ancient standard word for fullness of any kind is yíng 盈.

      Syntactic words
    • vibe empty
    無人  wú rén MC: mju nyin OC: ma njin 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Epithet: 野/COUNTRYSIDE The current general word for the undelimited non-urban areas is yě 野 (ant. yì 邑 "urbanised settlement").

      Syntactic words
    • VPadNunpopulatedCH
    闋  què OC: khʷiid MC: khet 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • nabfeatureemptiness
    闕  què, quē OC: khod MC: khi̯ɐt 1 Attribution

      Word relations
    • Ant: 盈/FULL The ancient standard word for fullness of any kind is yíng 盈.

      Syntactic words
    • vi(of moon:) wane
    空曠  kōng kuàng OC: khooŋ khʷaaŋs MC: khuŋ khɑŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPadNempty and vast
    兀  wù MC: ngwot OC: ŋɡluud 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vifigurativebe blank-minded; be empty-headed CH
    大虛  dà xū MC: dajH -- OC: daads qhla 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPVast VoidCH
    廓  kuò OC: khʷaaɡ MC: khɑk 1 Attribution

    Kuò 廓 and kuàng 曠 emphasise the expansiveness of the empty space.

      Syntactic words
    • nabdimensionempty space
    • vibe empty
    空豁  kōng huò huō， huá MC: khuwng xwat OC: khooŋ qhʷaad 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe all receptive and all-encompassingCH
    白  bái OC: braaɡ MC: bɣɛk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadN
    寂寞  jì mò OC: sɡlɯɯwɡ maaɡ MC: dzek mɑk
    寂漠  jì mò OC: sɡlɯɯwɡ maaɡ MC: dzek mɑk 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • NPabemptinessCH
    • VPibe all empty
    窬  yú MC: yu OC: lo 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativeto hollowCH
    窳  yǔ OC: loʔ MC: ji̯o 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vadNsuperfluous, futile, worthless
    童  tóng MC: duwng OC: dooŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vichangebecome deforested, denudatedLZ
    罄  qìng OC: kheeŋs MC: kheŋ 1 Attribution
      Syntactic words
    • vibe empty (vessels) (SHI)
    • vtoNcausativeto empty completely (the mind etc)CH
    豁  huò huō， huá MC: xwat OC: qhʷaad 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vifigurativebe dissiccated, inwardly shrivelled upCH
    閬  láng OC: ɡ-raaŋ MC: lɑŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vispacious; empty
    舜若多  shùn rě duō OC: qjuns njaʔ k-laal MC: ɕʷin ȵɣɛ tɑ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabbuddhistBUDDH: emptiness, voidness (this phonetic transliteration is rather rare in Chinese Buddhist texts, the common term is kōng 空); SANSKRIT śūnyatā
    太空  tài kōng OC: thaads khooŋ MC: thɑi khuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • NPabmetaphysicalthe Great Void
    孔  kǒng OC: khooŋʔ MC: khuŋ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadN
    徒  tú OC: daa MC: duo̝ 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vadN.adVempty, bare 徒手搏虎 "wrestle with a tiger with bare hands"
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • VPibe all receptive and all-encompassingCH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vifigurativebe blank-minded; be empty-headed CH
      Click here to add pinyin MC:  OC: 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vifigurativebe dissiccated, inwardly shrivelled upCH
    泬  xuè OC: qhʷliiɡ MC: het 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • viempty
    洫  xù OC: qhʷrɯɡ MC: hɨk 0 Attributions
      Syntactic words
    • vtoNcausativecause to be emtpty> drain (GUAN) ??
    無  wú OC: ma MC: mi̯o 0 Attributions

    Wú 無 (ant. yǒu 有 "existence") refers to the philosophical abstract construct of "nothingness, emptiness".

      Syntactic words
    • nabmetaphysicalnothingness, emptiness LAO